Learn 80 questions from K-TET III - June 2018 - Part III (Natural Science)

K-TET III - June 2018 - Part III (Natural Science) Questions

Arginine, lysine, and histidine are all basic amino acids:
Arginine: Has a guanidine group that can accept protons
Lysine: Has an additional amine functional group that can accept protons
Histidine: Has a heterocyclic imidazole side chain with a nitrogen atom that can acquire a positive charge 
These amino acids have basic side chains with a neutral pH. Their side chains contain nitrogen and resemble ammonia, which is a base. At physiological pH (about 7), the protonated forms of these amino acids predominate.

Nitric oxide is a substance that widens blood vessels, but it's not a hormone that regulates blood pressure: 
Nitric oxide
A substance that widens blood vessels. The body produces nitric oxide from L-arginine, an amino acid found in foods like nuts, fish, red meat, soy, whole grains, beans, and dairy products.

The clitellum is part of the reproductive system of some annelids, such as earthworms and leeches, and is not excretory in function: 
Clitellum
Function
Secretes a viscous fluid to form a cocoon for eggs
Location
Thickened glandular and non-segmented section of the body wall near the head
Other features
Light-colored pigment, saddle-like ring in the epidermis of the worm

In C4 plants, the first product of CO2 fixation is oxaloacetate (OAA):
C4 plants are commonly found in warm-to-high temperature environments, such as tropical grasslands.

GEAC stands for Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee. It is a regulatory body in India that is responsible for overseeing the release and approval of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in the environment. GEAC is a part of the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEF&CC).

PCR is a common technique used in genetic testing and research. It involves repeatedly heating and cooling reagents to create different temperature-dependent reactions, such as DNA melting and enzyme-driven DNA replication.

Emphysema is a chronic lung disease caused by the breakdown of alveoli, which are tiny air sacs in the lungs
In emphysema, the walls of the alveoli break down, causing them to rupture and create one large air pocket instead of many small ones. This reduces the surface area available for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide. The damage is permanent and irreversible, but there are ways to manage the condition.

A nucleosome is a repeating unit of DNA and histone proteins that forms the basic structural unit of DNA packaging in eukaryotes. DNA is wrapped around a histone octamer, which is made up of two copies each of the histone proteins H2A, H2B, H3, and H4.

An acrocentric chromosome has its centromere near one end of the chromosome, forming a short p arm and a long q arm.
The Y chromosome is one of the smallest chromosomes in the human genome, with a total of around 60 million base pairs. It contains the SRY gene region, which is responsible for embryonic sex determination. The Y chromosome is also the only chromosome that can be missing without lethal consequences.

Connecting link
An organism that has characteristics of two different groups of organisms is called a connecting link. Peripatus is an important example of morphological and anatomical evidence of evolution. 
Peripatus is a primitive arthropod that has characteristics of both Annelida and Arthropoda:
Annelida: Peripatus has a segmented body, thin cuticle, and parapodia-like organs.
Arthropoda: Peripatus has an open circulatory system, tracheal respiration, jointed legs, appendages, and compound eyes.

The respiratory quotient (RQ) is infinite when there is no consumption of oxygen in respiration, or in anaerobic respiration .
The RQ is the ratio of the volume of carbon dioxide produced to the volume of oxygen consumed during cellular respiration. In anaerobic respiration, oxygen is not consumed, so the total volume of oxygen consumed is zero. Since the RQ is calculated by dividing the volume of carbon dioxide produced by the volume of oxygen consumed, the result is infinity.

Glucagon is a hormone produced by the pancreas that increases blood sugar levels. It does this by stimulating the liver to produce glucose through glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis.

Centrifugal xylem is a type of xylem arrangement in plants where the protoxylem is formed near the center of the stem and the metaxylem is formed away from the center. This arrangement is also known as endarch xylem.

Conjoint colloateral closed bundles with sclerenchy- matous bundle caps.

Breeding for pest resistance is a process that uses genetic resources to improve a plant's defense against pests and pathogens. The goal is to develop cultivars that are resistant to a variety of biotic stresses, such as:
Airborne fungi, Soil-borne fungi, Bacteria, Viruses, Nematodes, and Insects.

The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List category of "Vulnerable" (VU) indicates that a species is at high risk of extinction in the wild

The tropics are the regions of Earth surrounding the Equator, where the sun may shine directly overhead. This contrasts with the temperate or polar regions of Earth, where the Sun can never be directly overhead.
Due to the overhead sun, the tropics receive the most solar energy over the course of the year, and consequently have the highest temperatures on the planet.

Chlorophyll has a tadpole-like configuration. It has a head called porphyrin and a tail made up of long chain alcohol called phytol. Porphyrin head is made up of four pyrrole rings which are linked by methine bridges.
Conjugated double bonds are double bonds in an organic structure that alternate with single bonds
A formyl group (―CHO) can be put onto an aromatic ring by several methods (ArH → ArCHO). In one of the most common of these, called the Reimer-Tiemann reaction

A protonema is a thread-like structure that forms when a moss plant germinates from a spore. It's the earliest stage of development of the gametophyte, the adult form of a moss plant. The protonema is made up of two types of cells: chloronemata and caulonemata. 
The number of chromosomes in an organism depends on whether it's a diploid or haploid cell. Diploid cells have two copies of chromosomes, while haploid cells have one.

Natural selection operates at the population level because organisms are the ones that have to adapt to a changing environment. 
Example
The evolution of the peppered moth in England is an example of natural selection at work. Before the Industrial Revolution, the light-colored moths were better able to blend in with the trees and lichens in their environment. However, as the trees became darkened by soot from factories, the light-colored moths became easier for birds to spot. Over time, the frequency of the darker-colored moths increased because they had a higher survival rate.

Regma: They develop from tricarpellary, syncarpous, superior, trilocular ovary and splits into one-seeded cocci which remain attached to carpophore. e.g., Ricinus and Geranium.

The housefly (Musca domestica) is a fly of the suborder Cyclorrhapha. It possibly originated in the Middle East, and spread around the world as a commensal of humans. It is the most common fly species found in houses. Adults are gray to black, with four dark, longitudinal lines on the thorax, slightly hairy bodies, and a single pair of membranous wings. They have red eyes, set farther apart in the slightly larger female.

A hinny is a domestic equine hybrid, the offspring of a male horse (a stallion) and a female donkey (a jenny). It is the reciprocal cross to the more common mule, which is the product of a male donkey (a jack) and a female horse (a mare). The hinny is distinct from the mule both in physiology and temperament as a consequence of genomic imprinting and is also less common.

The process of forming RNA over a DNA template is called transcription. During transcription, the bases in the RNA transcript are complementary to the bases in the DNA, with the exception of uracil replacing thymine in the RNA. 
The four bases in DNA are adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T). These bases form specific pairs: A with T, and G with C.

Yoshinori Ohsumi won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2016 for his discoveries on autophagy, a process that breaks down and recycles cellular components.
Ohsumi's discoveries include identifying genes essential for autophagy, elucidating the underlying mechanisms for autophagy in yeast, and showing that similar machinery is used in our cells.

Isoetes, also known as quillworts, is the only living genus of pteridophytes that exhibits secondary growth.
 Secondary growth is a process that causes the thickening of stems and roots due to cell division in the lateral meristems. It is a characteristic feature of dicotyledons and gymnosperms, but is rare in living pteridophytes. Isoetes is the exception, and is a genus of lycopods that grow in aquatic habitats or marshes.

Essential elements are divided into two broad categories, based on the quantity in which they are required by plants. Macro-elements and micro-elements. Their ionic forms are respectively called macronutrients and micronutrients. Cations may be absorbed on the surface of negatively charged clay particles. Anions (e.g., nitrate, phosphate, chloride, sulphate, borate) are held to soil particles to a lesser extent. Mineral salts dissolved in soil solution are constantly passing downwards along with percolating (gravitational) water. The phenomenon is called leaching. Leaching is more in case of anions.
Macronutrients (Macroelements or major elements) : Which are required by plants in larger amounts.The macronutrients include carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorous, sulphur, potassium, calcium, magnesium.
 Micronutrients (Microelements or minor elements or trace elements) : Which are required by plants in very small amounts,i.e., in traces.These include iron, maganese, copper, molybdenum, zinc, boron and chlorine. Recent research has shown that some elements, such as cobalt, vanadium and nickel, may be essential for certain plants.

A raphe is a ridge-like structure associated with an ovule
The raphe is a ridge that forms when the funicle (the stalk of an ovule) fuses with the body of the ovule.
The raphe is located on the side of an anatropous ovule, between the chalaza and the attachment to the placenta.

The arachnoid is the middle layer of the cranial meninges, not the inner layer.
The arachnoid is the middle layer of the meninges, a set of three membranes that protect the brain and spinal cord. The arachnoid is a thin, web-like membrane that sits between the dura mater and the pia mater. It's avascular, meaning it doesn't contain blood vessels or nerves. The arachnoid is involved in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) metabolism and contains arachnoid villi, which help reabsorb CSF into venous blood.

Cerebral aqueduct - Canal passes through the mid brian

Corpora quadrigemina - Lobes in the dorsal portion of mid brain

Arachnoid - Inner layer of cranial meninges

Corpus callosum - Connects cerebral hemispheres

Gout is an inflammatory arthritis that occurs when uric acid builds up in the body and forms needle-shaped crystals in the joints, causing pain and swelling. Gout flares can last for a week or two and often begin in the big toe or lower limb. Other joints that can be affected include the knees, ankles, feet, hands, wrists, and elbows.

Loose connective tissue is the most common type of connective tissue in vertebrates, making up about 80% of all connective tissue. It's responsible for: Holding organs in place, Attaching epithelial tissue to other tissues, and Protecting blood vessels and nerves.

Natality is a characteristic of a population that refers to the birth rate, or the number of births per unit of time per unit of population.
Natality is the number of live births per 1,000 people in a population over a given period of time. It's calculated by dividing the total number of live births by the population size and the length of the period in years.

The increase in number of individuals in a population during a given period

Total number of individuals present per unit area at a given time.

The number of individuals that have come into the habitat during a given period

The maximum number of individuals of population that can be sustained indefinitely in a given habitat

Programmed cell death is also known as apoptosis.
Apoptosis is an ongoing process that helps to ensure that the body has younger, healthier cells. For example, during pregnancy, apoptosis eliminates unnecessary cells between developing fetal fingers, which allows the fingers to separate.

70S ribosomes are present in the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells and in the semi-autonomous organelles of eukaryotic cells, such as the mitochondria and chloroplast.
rokaryotic cells
70S ribosomes are found in the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells, such as bacteria and archaea. They are responsible for synthesizing proteins needed for the functioning and survival of these organisms. 
Eukaryotic cells
70S ribosomes are found in the semi-autonomous organelles of eukaryotic cells, such as the mitochondria and chloroplast.

Double fertilization was discovered independently by Sergei Nawaschin and Léon Guignard in 1898.
Double fertilization is a unique feature of angiosperms, or flowering plants. It occurs when one sperm fuses with the egg cell to form the embryo, and the other sperm fuses with the polar fusion nucleus to form the endosperm. The endosperm provides food for the embryo.

The parotid gland is the largest salivary gland in humans.
Humans have three pairs of major salivary glands: the parotid gland, the submandibular gland, and the sublingual gland. The submandibular glands are smaller than the parotid glands, and the sublingual glands are the smallest of the major salivary glands.

Muscular dystrophy (MD) is a group of genetic diseases that cause progressive muscle weakness and breakdown.
Causes
MD is caused by changes in over 40 genes that affect muscle structure and function. These changes can result in the loss of muscle fibers and the development of inadequate or absent glycoproteins in the muscle cell plasma membrane.

Osmosis is the process of water molecules moving from a less concentrated solution to a more concentrated solution through a semipermeable membrane.
Osmosis plays a vital role in many physiological processes, including digestion, kidney function, and nerve conduction. It helps maintain homeostasis, which is the tendency of systems to reach a relatively stable equilibrium.

OP of a solution is equivalent to the pressure which must be exerted upon it to prevent the flow of solvent across a semi-permeable membrane.

OP can be measured in Pascals, Bars or Atmospheres.

OP is numerically equal to Osmotic potential

Osmotic potential has a positive value and Osmotic pressure has a negative value.

Anaerobic respiration is respiration using electron acceptors other than molecular oxygen (O2). Although oxygen is not the final electron acceptor, the process still uses a respiratory electron transport chain.

A-Lactic Acid, B-Glucose, C-Ethanol, D-PEP

Glutamate and glutamine are not only the primary products of ammonia assimilation, but they are also the nitrogen donors for the synthesis of essentially all nitrogen-containing compounds.

Photoperiodism is the developmental response of plants to the relative lengths of light and dark periods. Plants are classified into three groups based on their photoperiodic response: short-day plants, long-day plants, and day-neutral plants.

The filiform apparatus is a thickened structure in the synergid cell wall of an angiosperm's female gametophyte that helps guide pollen tubes into the embryo sac.

It is special cellular thickening at the tip of the antipodals.

It guides the pollen tube into synergids.

It helps in the liberation of male gametes from the pollen tube.

Abscisic acid (ABA) is a plant hormone that is derived from carotenoids.
Carotenoids are organic pigments that are yellow, orange, or red in color. They are produced by plants, algae, bacteria, archaea, and fungi. Carotenoids are responsible for the colors of pumpkins, carrots, parsnips, corn, tomatoes, and more.

Dachigam National Park is a national park located, 22 kilometres (14 mi) from Srinagar city in Srinagar district in Kashmir on the east side of Dal Lake.

A species that is confined to a specific area and not found anywhere else is called an endemic species. Endemic species are native to a specific habitat within a given area. They are usually isolated by geographical barriers. 
There are two main types of endemic species:
Paleoendemic species: Also known as relict species, these are ancient species that were once widespread but are now found in a much smaller area.
Neoendemic species: These are newly evolved species that arise due to reproductive isolation.

The gynoecium is the innermost whorl of a flower, located in the center of the thalamus. It's the female reproductive organ of the flower, and is made up of pistils, which are the reproductive parts of the flower.

Edward O. Wilson is known as the father of biodiversity. He was a Harvard biologist who popularized the term "biodiversity" to describe the variety of life at all levels of biological organization. Wilson also wrote a book called Sociobiology: The New Synthesis in 1975, which suggested a link between human behavior and genetics.

Cattle breeding is the process of raising and breeding cattle, which can involve a variety of practices.

Homologous organs are organs that have the same structural organization but different functional properties. They are a result of divergent evolution, which means that they evolved from a common ancestor and have different traits to adapt to different environments.

The larvae of Taenia solium, also known as the pork tapeworm, are called cysticerci. Cysticerci are small, sac-like vesicles that resemble a bladder, and are also known as bladder worms.

Here are some educational software options for making simulations in a biology class: 
PhET Interactive Simulations: Free, interactive simulations for biology, chemistry, physics, earth science, and math. The simulations are based on education research and are designed to engage students through a game-like environment. 
ROQED: Interactive 3D educational simulations and exercises for learning physics, chemistry, biology, and earth science. 
Simpathica: A set of tools for simulating and analyzing biological pathways. 
Articulate 360: Software that includes a scenario block for creating branching scenarios and role-plays. 
ITyStudio: An authoring tool for creating 2D and 3D behavioral simulations. 
Uptale: An immersive learning solution for creating software simulations in Virtual Reality.

Discrimination is the act of treating people unfairly or differently based on their perceived or actual membership in a group or category. These categories can include race, age, gender, religion, sexual orientation, disability, and more.

Induction: A process of reasoning (arguing) which infers a general conclusion based
 on individual cases, examples, specific bits of evidence, and other specific
 types of premises. 
Deduction: A process of reasoning that starts with a general truth, applies that truth to
 a specific case (resulting in a second piece of evidence), and from those
 two pieces of evidence (premises), draws a specific conclusion about the
 specific case.

A criterion-referenced test is a style of test that uses test scores to generate a statement about the behavior that can be expected of a person with that score. Most tests and quizzes that are written by school teachers can be considered criterion-referenced tests. In this case, the objective is simply to see whether the student has learned the material.

To classify and grade learners in various categories.

To make a comparative decision regarding individuals.

To measure the effectiveness of a programme or instruction

Incidental correlation is a teaching method that involves linking different subjects in a curriculum in a casual way, without pre-deciding the correlation

The affective domain of learning objectives focuses on a learner's attitudes, values, interests, and appreciation. The objectives of the affective domain can include: 
Receiving and listening: The learner receives and listens to information 
Characterizing: The learner internalizes values and acts upon them 
Developing a philosophy: The learner integrates values into a total philosophy or with firm commitment 
Acting consistently: The learner acts consistently due to an internal belief 
Breaking down complex situations: The learner can break down complex situations and handle them according to values 
Developing a code of personal behavior: The learner develops and lives by a code of personal behavior

The three-language formula was introduced in the 1968 national education policy. It applies to both government and private schools, and the medium of instruction can be any of the three languages.

Moodle excels in the eLearning landscape, offering scalability from small classrooms to expansive corporate training environments. Moodle scales with you, effortlessly accommodating increased user volumes while adapting to diverse learning landscapes.

Limited to small community of users and developers

Learning to live together involves developing social skills like respect, concern for others, and appreciation for diversity. Education should focus on discovering other people and cultures, and encouraging involvement in collaborative projects to teach conflict resolution and working with others. Indicators to measure learning to live together include access to community institutions, volunteering rates, participation in social groups, interactions with other cultures, and travel times to social places.

Problem-based learning (PBL) is a teaching style that uses real-world issues to encourage students to develop problem-solving skills. In a PBL project, students might work together to create a business plan to solve a societal need. PBL can help students develop critical thinking, communication, and problem-solving skills.

Here are seven-steps for an effective problem-solving process.
Identify the issues. Be clear about what the problem is. ...
Understand everyone's interests. ...
List the possible solutions (options) ...
Evaluate the options. ...
Select an option or options. ...
Document the agreement(s). ...
Agree on contingencies, monitoring, and evaluation.

IT@School was introduced by the General Education Department of the Government of Kerala in 2001 in recognition of the role of Information Technology as an enabler of quality education.

Motivation is sometimes discussed in terms of three main components: direction, intensity, and persistence. Direction refers to the goal people choose. It is the objective in which they decide to invest their energy.

The headquarters of the National Council for Teacher Education (NCTE) is located at G-7, Sector-10, Dwarka, New Delhi – 110075

Classifying is a science process skill that involves organizing objects or events into groups based on common properties or criteria. For example, you might group rocks with a certain grain size or hardness together. 
Here are some other science process skills:
Observation: Using the senses to gather qualitative and quantitative data about an object or event
Inferring: Drawing conclusions from observations or statements
Hypothesizing: Forming potential explanations
Experimenting: Testing ideas
Communicating: Sharing discoveries through writing, speaking, drawings, tables, or charts
Measuring: Using standard measures or estimations to describe specific dimensions of an object or event
Predicting: Guessing the most likely outcome of a future event based upon a pattern of evidence .

UGC-NET is conducted twice every year (June & December). In order to regularize the UGC-NET examination cycle, the National Testing Agency (NTA), with the concurrence of UGC is conducting UGC NET December 2023 in 83 subjects, at selected cities across the country.

Execute curricular reforms in school education.

Implementation of new educational techniques and methodologies

Organize inservice training programmes for teachers

A lesson plan is a teacher's plan for teaching a single lesson, while a unit plan is a teacher's plan for teaching a unit of study, which consists of many lessons. Unit plans are more detailed than lesson plans and cover a longer range of time.

A unit plan is a detailed plan for a topic or area of study that a teacher uses to organize and plan their classroom instruction

A diorama is a replica of a scene, typically a three-dimensional model either full-sized or miniature. Sometimes it is enclosed in a glass showcase for a museum. Dioramas are often built by hobbyists as part of related hobbies such as military vehicle modeling, miniature figure modeling, or aircraft modeling.

A person with a scientific attitude will not have subjectivity: 
Objectivity
A scientific attitude involves being free of personal biases and emotions, and focusing on evidence and facts. 
Open-mindedness
A scientific attitude involves being open to ideas being falsified by evidence, and not being quick to conclude based on what is told. 
Critical thinking
A scientific attitude involves being rational and loyal to facts, and not accepting claims without question

The lecture method has several merits, including: 
Efficient: Lectures can deliver a lot of information in a short amount of time. This is especially useful for courses with a lot of material. 
Consistent: The lecture method is relatively unaffected by changes in class size or room configuration. 
Scalable: A single teacher can address a large number of students at the same time. 
Good for introducing new subjects: Lectures are good for introducing new subjects or focusing on a content area. 
Can present new material: Lectures can present material that is not yet available in print or books. 
Helps students develop listening skills: The lecture method can help students develop their listening skills.

Creativity can be defined as the interaction between aptitude, process, and environment that results in a novel and useful product. It can be seen in many areas of life, including education, entrepreneurship, problem solving, and art.

Ubuntu is a Linux distribution that uses the Debian architecture as its base. Ubuntu is a free, open-source operating system (OS) that's available in multiple editions, including: 
Ubuntu Desktop: A user-friendly graphical interface for working with the OS 
Ubuntu Server: A scalable system used in data centers and cloud environments 
Core for Internet of things devices and robots: An edition for these devices

The syllabus is a component of the curriculum. The syllabus is a subset of the curriculum, and focuses on the details of a specific course or subject. The curriculum, on the other hand, encompasses the entire educational program.

Curriculum and syllabus are entirely different.

A lesson plan is a teacher's guide for running a lesson, and it includes:
Learning objectives: What the students are supposed to learn
Learning activities: How the goal will be reached
Assessment: A way of measuring how well the goal was reached 
A lesson plan can also include: references to materials, assignments, and points to be asked.

Vogel's Criteria of Selection It is a kind of score card, designed to speed up the process of evaluation, is the “Spot Check” method illustrated by Vogel Louis F known as “Vogal Spot Check Evaluation Scale”. Cited in Thunder and Colette, on this score card, each item has been assigned a maximum value of two points.

Here are some open-source audio editing tools: 

Audacity
A free and open-source digital audio editor and recording application that's available for Windows, macOS, Linux, and other Unix-like operating systems. It's considered a good choice for big audio projects. 

Qtractor
An open-source audio editor that offers basic sound editing functions like drag, move, drop, cut, copy, paste, paste-repeat, delete, split, and merge. It also has unlimited undo/redo and a built-in patch bay. 

Musescore
An open-source desktop software application that helps musicians learn, create, and edit musical notation. It's available for PC, Macintosh, and Linux, and supports more than 50 languages.

Reliability is a measure of how consistently something performs or works

A vivarium  is an area, usually enclosed, for keeping and raising animals or plants for observation or research. Water-based vivaria may have open tops providing they are not connected to other water bodies.

A social curriculum is a set of lessons that teaches students how to interact with and empathize with others. It's an important part of a child's development into a healthy adult, and it can help students feel good about themselves and their relationships.

Multimedia presentation show various phases of locomotion fishes

A teacher-centered curriculum is a traditional teaching approach where the teacher is the primary focus and students passively receive information
The teacher is the lecturer, who chooses the topics and presents information through lectures, presentations, and direct instruction.

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