Learn 80 questions from KTET III - June 2024 - Part III (Natural Science)

KTET III - June 2024 - Part III (Natural Science) Questions

Crocus and tulip flowers respond to temperature by closing when the temperature drops. The temperature decrease required for closure is roughly equal to the temperature increase required for opening.

The park is located in the south western part of the Loktak lake. This is the last natural habitat of the brow-antlered deer(Sangai) the dancing deer of Manipur. Keibul Lamjao National Park is the only floating park in the world.

Austrian scientist Karl Landsteiner discovered the ABO blood group system in 1901. Landsteiner noticed that some people's red blood cells (RBCs) clumped together when mixed with the serum of other people. He observed the patterns of clumping and determined that blood could be categorized into groups.

Rosie was the first transgenic cow, created in 1997, and was known for producing milk that was enriched with human protein

cuneate
A cuneate leaf is a leaf blade that has a wedge shape and a slightly retuse or emarginate apex. 
Acicular:
Acicular · In botany: a slender leaf shape ·
Lanceolate:
A lanceolate leaf is a leaf that is shaped like a lance head, tapering to a point at each end. It is a type of simple leaf, which is a leaf that is not divided into parts.

Sertoli cells, also known as nurse cells, provide nourishment to germ cells in the testes.

Myasthenia gravis,causes muscles under your voluntary control to feel weak and get tired quickly. This happens when the communication between nerves and muscles breaks down.

A photobioreactor (PBR) is a device that uses light to grow organisms that photosynthesize, such as algae, cyanobacteria, and some mosses. PBRs use artificial light or solar light to provide the right conditions for the organisms to grow, including the right amount of light, carbon dioxide, and nutrients.

In the C3 cycle, or Calvin cycle, 18 ATP molecules and 12 NADPH molecules are required to synthesize one molecule of glucose from carbon dioxide (CO2):
One turn: 3 ATP molecules and 2 NADPH molecules are required
Six cycles: 3 x 6 = 18 ATP molecules and 2 x 6 = 12 NADPH molecules are required

Sympatric speciation is the evolution of a new species from a surviving ancestral species while both continue to inhabit the same geographic region.

casein is a complex protein. It's a complete protein, meaning it contains all the essential amino acids the body needs for growth and repair. Casein is a milk protein that's produced by mammals. It's found in the milk of all mammals, but human breast milk is 40% casein and cow's milk is 80% casein.

70S ribosomes are found in the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells, and in the chloroplasts and mitochondria of eukaryotic cells

Prostaglandins are hormone-like substances that affect many bodily functions, including: 
 
Blood flow: Prostaglandins help regulate blood flow and blood pressure. 
 
Inflammation: Prostaglandins help control inflammation. 
 
Blood clots: Prostaglandins help control blood clot formation. For example, thromboxane stimulates blood clot formation, while prostacyclin reduces it. 
 
Labor: Prostaglandins help induce labor. 
 
Menstruation: Prostaglandins are involved in menstruation. 
 
Ovulation: Prostaglandins are involved in ovulation. 
 
Eye pressure: Prostaglandins can help decrease intraocular pressure, which can help treat glaucoma. 
 
Erectile dysfunction: Prostaglandins may play a role in erections in men, and have been used in injections to help treat erectile dysfunction. 
 
Gastric ulcers: Prostaglandins can help prevent gastric ulcers caused by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). 
 
Asthma: Some prostaglandins may help treat asthma by acting as bronchodilators.

The effect of different photoperiods and interruptions of dark periods on short day and long day plants depends on the type of plant and the length of the interruption

Variable number of tandem repeats (VNTRs) belong to a class of satellite DNA called minisatellites.

The ornithine cycle, also known as the urea cycle, takes place in the mitochondria of liver cells. The cycle is a series of biochemical reactions that converts ammonia into urea, a less toxic nitrogenous waste that can be excreted in urine.

Adrenal corticosteroids, also known as glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and androgenic sex hormones, are steroid hormones produced by the adrenal cortex. They are important for regulating many bodily functions, including: 
 
Electrolyte balance: Mineralocorticoids help regulate the balance of water and electrolytes in the body. 
 
Glucose metabolism: Adrenal corticosteroids play a role in glucose metabolism. 
 
Immune response: Adrenal corticosteroids regulate the immune system. 
 
Stress response: Adrenal glucocorticoids are essential for the body's adaptive stress response. 
 
Fetal development: Adrenal glucocorticoids are essential for fetal development

Azotobacter is a genus of usually motile, oval or spherical bacteria that form thick-walled cysts and may produce large quantities of capsular slime.

In botany, scramblers are plants with long, flexible stems that can't climb on their own, but instead slowly grow over other plants and rest there. They are also known as hook climbers because they use thorns, spines, or prickles to grip onto other plants.

Repetitive DNA sequences that can change their position are called transposons, or jumping genes

A sandworm is a fictional extraterrestrial creature that appears in the Dune novels written by Frank Herbert, first introduced in Dune (1965). Sandworm. Dune character.

Chaetomium is a genus of fungi in the Chaetomiaceae family. It is a dematiaceous (dark-walled) mold normally found in soil, air, cellulose and plant debris. According to the Dictionary of the Fungi (10th edition, 2008), there are about 95 species in the widespread genus.

The first restriction endonuclease to be isolated was Hind II, which was extracted from the bacterium Haemophilus influenzae in 1970. 
Restriction endonucleases are enzymes that cut DNA at specific sites. They are found in archaea and bacterial cells and are part of the restriction-modification system, which is a protective mechanism.

An auxiliary food chain, also known as a parasitic food chain, is a type of food chain that involves parasites and scavengers. In an auxiliary food chain, food passes from larger organisms to smaller ones, either because the producer or consumer is parasitic.

The phylogenetic classification system was proposed by German botanists Adolf Engler and Karl Prantl
Engler and Prantl's system was based on evolutionary relationships and was published in 1887.

Number of coccygeal vertebrae: T he number of coccygeal vertebrae is variable (usually 3–5). In rare cases, no coccygeal vertebrae are present, a situation called coccygeal agenesis. Fusion with sacrum: In older individuals, the coccyx may fuse (or synostose) with the sacral apex.

Vitamin E is a vitamin that dissolves in fat. It is found in many foods including vegetable oils, cereals, meat, poultry, eggs, and fruits.

Vitamin E is an important vitamin required for the proper function of many organs in the body. It is also an antioxidant. Vitamin E that occurs naturally in foods (RRR-alpha-tocopherol) is different from man-made vitamin E that is in supplements (all-rac-alpha-tocopherol).

Anomalous secondary thickening in the stem of Boerhaavia diffusa occurs due to abnormal activity of the cambium, which produces secondary vascular bundles on the inner side and parenchymatous cells on the outer side. This results in the stem becoming flattened or ribbon-like instead of its normal cylindrical shape.

Scrapie in sheep is caused by an abnormal prion protein that's transmitted to offspring and other sheep and goats through the placenta and uterine fluids during birth.

The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, also known as brewer's yeast, is the primary organism used for industrial ethanol production. It is the most ethanol-tolerant natural yeast known and is the largest industrial biotechnological utilization of yeast.

Lampbrush chromosomes (LBCs) are visible in the germinal vesicles of growing oocytes in many animals, excluding mammals. They are most commonly studied in amphibians, but have also been observed in birds, insects, and invertebrates.

The embryo sac of Allium is a bisporic embryo sac, which means that it's produced from two megaspores. The process of forming a bisporic embryo sac is characterized by:
Meiosis: Two megaspores are produced from the megaspore mother cell
Programmed cell death: The megaspore closest to the micropyle dies
Single functional megaspore: One megaspore remains functional and has two haploid nuclei

The pressure that develops in a cell due to the osmotic diffusion of water is called turgor pressure. Turgor pressure is also known as hydrostatic pressure.

tion is a process that occurs in photosynthesis that converts adenosine diphosphate (ADP) into adenosine triphosphate (ATP). It's a part of the electron transport chain that takes place in the thylakoid membrane of organisms like prokaryotes.

Somatostatin (SST) is secreted by Delta cells and by extraislet neuroendocrine cells. SST receptors have been identified on α- and β-cells, and exogenous SST inhibits insulin and glucagon secretion, consistent with a role for SST in regulating α- and β-cell function.

Interferons are a type of cytokine barrier. Interferons are proteins that are secreted by virus-infected cells to protect non-infected cells from further viral infection.

The complete oxidation of one molecule of acetyl CoA produces 12 ATP molecules. This is because: 
 
Glucose undergoes glycolysis to produce two pyruvate molecules 
 
The pyruvate molecules are converted to two acetyl CoA molecules 
 
Each acetyl CoA molecule enters the citric acid cycle, also known as the Krebs cycle 
 
The citric acid cycle produces 3 NADH2 (9 ATP), 1 FADH2 (2 ATP), and 1 GTP (1 ATP)

Prokaryotes are single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus, and all prokaryotes have circular DNA that replicates from a single origin. This results in a single replication bubble.
In prokaryotes, DNA replication begins at the single origin of replication on the circular chromosome. The replication forks then move in opposite directions, replicating the DNA around the entire circle of the chromosome. This process results in two DNA molecules. 
Eukaryotic DNA is linear and has many origins of replication, which initiate replication almost simultaneously. Each origin of replication forms a replication bubble, which is a bulge in the DNA where replication is occurring.

In prokaryotes there is a single replication bubble.

In prokaryotes there are two replication bubbles

In prokaryotes there are two replication forks in a replication bubble

In eukaryotes there are two replication bubbles and two replication forks

In eukaryote there are several replication bubbles.

The pedigree method of selection is used when breeding for resistance if the resistance is governed by polygenes. 
 
The pedigree method is a commonly used breeding method that can be used to develop both self-pollinated and cross-pollinated crops. It involves selecting highly heritable traits in individual plants in early generations. Yield testing is usually done once homozygous lines are developed.

Trypsinogen is converted to trypsin by the enzyme enterokinase and by the action of the trypsin that is formed: 
 
Enterokinase
This enzyme is secreted by the cells of the small intestine's mucus membrane. It cleaves a hexapeptide from trypsinogen, which initiates a series of proteolytic reactions that activate many pancreatic zymogens. 
 
Trypsin
The trypsin that is formed autocatalytically converts more trypsinogen to trypsin.

Brain corals, a slow-growing species of coral, often act as foundations for reefs.
Brain corals grow very slowly, but they build super strong structures that act as the foundations of coral reefs. They are known as massive growth type corals. Massive corals take a long time to get big, but once they do, they offer outstanding protection to marine life and coastlines. Coral reefs can absorb up to 97 percent of the wave energy during storm events, and brain corals play an important role in that function.

The hyoid bone is a small, U-shaped bone in the neck.
Function
The hyoid bone is a key part of the hyoid-larynx complex and is involved in swallowing, opening the jaw, and moving the tongue.

Exonuclease III is an enzyme that removes mononucleotides from the 3'-hydroxyl termini of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) or DNA-RNA hybrids. It has several applications, including:
Controlling deletion rate: Varying the incubation temperature can control the deletion rate.
Generating nested deletions: Exonuclease III can generate nested sets of deletions in double-stranded, linear DNA.
Preparing single-stranded DNA: Exonuclease III can be used to prepare single-stranded DNA.

Ommatidia are the individual units that make up the compound eyes of arthropods, such as insects, crustaceans, and millipedes. Each ommatidium has a lens, a cluster of photoreceptor cells, and support and pigment cells. The outside of an ommatidium is covered by a transparent cornea.

The octopus is sometimes called a devil fish because of its appearance, which was considered evil by fishermen in the past.

Downstream processing steps include: 
 
Centrifugation
A common step for clarifying harvested material on a small scale. 
Filtration
A key step for capturing impurities and purifying samples. 
Precipitation
A common technique used in more than 80% of recovery and purification methods. 
Purification
A key step for improving product quality and purity. 
Ion exchange chromatography
An important step for purifying target proteins from cell extracts. 
Adsorption
A polishing process used in water treatment.
Drying
A stage of granulation that removes liquid from a finished product by applying heat.

Blossom end rot is a physiological disorder that causes a brown or black, dry, leathery area to develop on the blossom end of a tomato.

Sand drown, also known as magnesium deficiency, is a disease that affects tobacco plants and is caused by a lack of magnesium in the soil or fertilizer.

Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a genetic blood disorder that affects the shape of red blood cells, making them more rigid and sticky, and more likely to block blood flow.

Tea yellow disease is a progressive degeneration of tea bushes that's caused by a deficiency of sulfur in the soil.

Ganoderma applanatum is a very common perennial bracket fungus. The underside is creamy white and can be scratched with a sharp point to leave brown marks and so produce artistic images - hence the common name.

This tough bracket lives for many years, developing noticeable annual growth ridges on the upper surface. If you cut through a bracket you will see layers of tube pores - the number of layers gives a clue to the age of the fruitbody.

Serpentine layering is a propagation technique that involves burying and exposing sections of a plant's stem to encourage roots to form at multiple points, resulting in multiple new plants. It's similar to simple layering, but with more than one section of the stem covered and exposed

An attribute is assigned a value (attribute value pair) when used in the definition of a concept or in a postcoordinated expression.

Audio instructional aids are materials or devices that help people learn by listening. Examples of audio aids include: Radios, Tape recorders, Cassette players, and CD players.

An event that has been recorded and there is no disagreement among observers is considered a fact.

The heuristic method has several characteristics, including: 
 
Student-centered
The heuristic method is a student-centered approach that encourages students to discover things for themselves. 
 
Active learning
The heuristic method promotes active engagement and participation among students. 
 
Critical thinking
The heuristic method encourages students to think critically, analyze information, and solve problems independently. 
 
Problem-solving
The heuristic method teaches students how to tackle tough problems and find solutions. 
 
Logical thinking
The heuristic method teaches students to break down big problems into smaller parts, look at evidence carefully, and come up with good reasons for their ideas. 
 
Real-world scenarios
Heuristic methods are commonly deployed in real-world scenarios due to their time-saving capabilities and good performance. 
 
Rules of thumb
Heuristic methods are “hints”, “suggestions”, or “rules of thumb” based methods that are developed through intuition, experience, and judgment.

Problem solving and discovery based learning

Many ideas can be presented to a large group

Biological methods can refer to a variety of techniques and approaches that use organisms, or parts of organisms, to study or analyze things.

A year plan, also known as an annual plan, can refer to a number of different things, including a company's roadmap, a curriculum map, or a personal plan.

"Learning to be" can mean developing the qualities and moral values you want to have in your character. This can be achieved through continuous practice of activities that help develop your body, mind, and spirit.

McCormack and Yager developed a taxonomy of science education into five domains:
Knowledge domain: Students are expected to know scientific principles and facts.
Process domain: Students learn to identify and analyze new ideas to reach a conclusion.
Creativity domain: Students develop their imagination and creativity.
Application domain: Students learn to apply concepts, processes, and values in their daily lives.
Attitudinal domain: Students learn to value and change their attitudes.

The analysis level of Bloom's Taxonomy is when learners break down information into parts, identify relationships between ideas, and draw connections

Pedagogy is the science of teaching. It the scientific and artistic planning of instruction for a formal situation. Primarily, pedagogy explains effective teaching methods and strategies. Effective teachers may make use many teaching strategies (pedagogic approaches) in classroom because there is no single, universal approach. A method may not be suitable for all contents or all situations.

Project method is one of the modern method of teaching in which, the students point of view is given importance in designing the curricula and content of studies. This method is based on the philosophy of Pragmatism and the principle of ‘Learning by doing’. In this strategy pupils perform constructive activities in natural condition. A project is a list of real life that has been imparted into the school. It demands work from the pupils.

The concentric approach, also known as the spiral approach, is a curriculum design method that involves building on basic concepts by gradually adding complexity and depth. It's different from the topical approach, which covers all relevant material in a linear fashion, and the functional approach, which focuses on skill building.

Learning outcomes are statements that describe observable and measurable behavioral changes that students should be able to demonstrate after completing a course or learning experience

Communicating is a science process skill that involves recording observations, describing conditions, and reporting experimental procedures. The goal is to be able to communicate observations and results in a way that is clear, concise, and understandable to others.

Inductive reasoning is a method of drawing conclusions by going from the specific to the general. It's usually contrasted with deductive reasoning, where you go from general information to specific conclusions. Inductive reasoning is also called inductive logic or bottom-up reasoning.

The National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) published the National Curriculum Framework (NCF) in 2005. The NCF is a set of guidelines for teaching practices, textbooks, and syllabi for schools in India.

While planning a lesson, a teacher should be guided by the learning outcomes envisaged by the curriculum: 
 
Curriculum planning
Provides a framework for teachers to deliver content effectively and ensures that teaching aligns with the school's mission. 
 
Curriculum standards
Outline what students should know and be able to do at each grade level. Reviewing these standards helps ensure that lessons target the desired learning goals. 
 
Learning outcomes
Define the information, knowledge, understanding, skills, and behaviors that a learner should master after completing the curriculum. 
 
Lesson objectives
Are the most specific statements of student learning. It's important for teachers to clearly and concisely express the outcomes of student learning at this level. 
 
Lesson activities
Should be aligned with the lesson's learning objectives and meaningfully engage students.

Reliability is the term used to describe the consistency of test scores from one measurement to another. 
 
Reliability is a measure of how consistent a set of test scores are, and is used to determine the amount of random error in the measurement process. A test with high reliability produces similar results when repeated under consistent conditions.

An episcope, also known as an opaque projector, is a projected aid that displays images of opaque materials by shining a bright lamp from above. It is used to project images of things like book pages, drawings, leaves, and mineral specimens.

State Institute of Educational Technology (SIET) Kerala is an autonomous institution working as a part of General education department, Government of Kerala. SIET Kerala is the one among the other seven SIET's in the country.

Satellite Instructional Television Experiment

Society for Institute of Educational Technology

State Institute for Educational Technology

State Institute of Educational Technology

Pragmatism is a way of dealing with problems or situations that focuses on practical approaches and solutions—ones that will work in practice, as opposed to being ideal in theory. The word pragmatism is often contrasted with the word idealism, which means based on or having high principles or ideals.

Holistic development is a child-centered approach to education that focuses on nurturing a child's physical, emotional, social, and intellectual well-being. It's also known as integrated development.

Creative problem solving is a process that uses both creative and critical thinking to find solutions to problems.

To promote problem solving skills and creative thinking

To nurture curiosity of the student about the world

To introduce science concept and principles

Education must prepare the child of shouldering future responsibilities. So in farming the curriculum we must take into consideration the future needs of the child as well as the needs of the society.

The spiral curriculum is attributed to Jerome Bruner, an American psychologist and educational theorist who developed the model in the 1960s. The spiral curriculum is a curriculum design that involves revisiting key concepts multiple times throughout a student's school career, with each revisit increasing the complexity of the topic.

A limitation of a teacher-made test is that it may not cover all content. Teacher-made tests are designed to evaluate a student's understanding of a specific subject or topic, and they are based on the learning objectives, curriculum, and materials covered in the classroom. However, they may not cover all content and can be inconsistently administered.

An interactive board, also known as an interactive whiteboard (IWB), is a large, touch-sensitive display that can be used for interactive ICT engagement. It's a combination of a computer, digital projector, and touch-sensitive board that allows users to interact with the board directly or with a special pen.

Terrariums are a great tool for teaching children about the natural world, and can be used in a variety of ways to help students learn: 
 
Learn about the water cycle: Terrariums demonstrate evaporation, condensation, and precipitation.
 
Explore the natural world: Terrariums can help children learn about how plants grow and interact with their environment. 
 
Simulate microclimates: Students can create different microclimates in terrariums by varying the light, humidity, and soil types. 
 
Learn about ecosystems: Students can learn that an ecosystem is a community of organisms and their environment, and that newly introduced organisms can disrupt the balance of an ecosystem. 
 
Develop environmental awareness: Terrariums can help children learn to appreciate nature and take care of the environment. 
 
Develop manual and artistic skills: Creating a terrarium can help children develop manual and artistic skills.

The principle of child-centeredness in education is based on the idea that the child is the center of education. It involves considering the child's needs, interests, and concerns when developing curriculum and activities.

The affective domain of learning is a domain that focuses on a learner's attitudes, values, emotions, and interests. It's also known as the "valuing" domain.

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