Question

Identify the incorrect statement(s) regarding prominent theories and sources of motivation.

1. Abraham Maslow proposed that individuals are motivated to fulfill a hierarchy of needs, ranging from survival to self-actualization.
2. Albert Bandura emphasized self-efficacy as a central driver of motivation, defining it as the belief in one's ability to succeed.
3. According to Atkinson's Achievement Motivation Theory, the 'Fear of Failure (Ff)' component in the nAch formula always contributes positively to the overall tendency to engage in an achievement-oriented task.
4. Sources of motivation include 'Drive' (tension for needs), 'Incentives' (environmental objects), and 'Instinct' (innate behavioral patterns).

• A. i, ii, iv
• B. iv only
• C. All
• D. ii only

Answer 1

Answer:

A. i, ii, iv

MOTIVATION

• The word "Motivation" is derived from the Latin word "movere".

• The term also draws from Latin root "motum"

• Movere means "to move". 

• The concept of motivation is also linked to the word "motive," meaning the reason behind our actions

MOTIVATION - Definition

B.F. Skinner

• A prominent figure in behaviorism, Skinner focused on the observable aspects of motivation, stating that "Motivation in school learning involves arousing, persisting, sustaining and directing desirable behavior".

Abraham Maslow

• A key figure in humanistic psychology, Maslow's hierarchy of needs is one of the most widely recognized theories of motivation.

• He proposed that individuals are motivated to fulfill a hierarchy of needs, ranging from survival to self-actualization.

Albert Bandura

• Known for his social cognitive theory, Bandura emphasized the concept of self-efficacy as a central driver of motivation. 

• Self-efficacy is the belief in one's ability to succeed, and Bandura noted that "People not only gain understanding through reflection, they evaluate and alter their own thinking".

J.P. Guilford: Defined 

• Motivation is a "any particular internal factor of condition that tends to initiate and sustain activity"

According to Good, 

• "Motivation is the process of arousing, sustaining and regulating activity."

Sources Of Motivation

Drive

Tension and arousal for the fulfillment of needs.)

Incentives

Environmental objects used for the fulfillment of physical and psychological desires (food, water, love, money).

Instinct

Biological, innate behavioral pattern (anxiety, expectation, love, desire)

Achievement Motivation Theory

• The Achievement Motivation Theory is most prominently associated with David McClelland and his colleagues,  John W. Atkinson.

• Need for Achievement (n-Ach): The desire to excel, achieve in relation to a set of standards, and strive for personal accomplishment.

• Need for Power (n-Pow): The desire to influence and control others.

• Need for Affiliation (n-Affil): The need for friendly and close interpersonal relationships.

nAch=Ps+Sm+Iv-Ff

The formula you've presented, nAch = Ps + Sm + Iv - Ff, appears to be a simplified representation or adaptation of concepts from Atkinson's Theory of Achievement Motivation, which built upon McClelland's work on the need for achievement

nAch (Need for Achievement):

• It represents the overall resultant tendency to engage in an achievement-oriented task. 

• It's the balance between the hope for success and the fear of failure.

Ps (Probability of Success): 

• This refers to the individual's subjective estimate of the likelihood of succeeding at the task. 

• This is influenced by factors like the perceived difficulty of the task and their own ability.

Sm (Success Motive): 

• This is the motive to achieve success, also denoted as Ms (Motivational Strength) in some formulations. 

• It's a relatively stable personality trait reflecting an individual's inherent drive for achievement.

Iv (Incentive Value of Success): 

• This represents the perceived value or reward associated with achieving success. It is often inversely related to the probability of success; difficult tasks often have higher incentive value.

Ff (Fear of Failure): 

• This represents the tendency to avoid failure, which is a key component of Atkinson's model. Individuals with a high fear of failure might be more hesitant to engage in challenging tasks