Question

The Behavioral Approach is characterized as interdisciplinary because:

I. It draws concepts exclusively from Sociology and Anthropology.

II. It strives for universal applicability, contrasting with the classical provincial approach.

III. It emphasizes the informal communication patterns prevalent in organizations.

Which of the following is correct?

• A. I only
• B. I and II only
• C. II and III only
• D. I, II, and III

Answer 1

Answer:

C. II and III only

The Behavioral Approach to Management

• The Behavioral Approach, also known as the Human Relations Movement, emerged in the early 20th century as a response to the limitations of the classical approaches (Scientific Management and Administrative Management).
• It shifted the focus from tasks and structure to the people within organizations.

Key Characteristics and Contributions:

• Emphasis on Human Factors: This approach highlighted the importance of human behavior, motivation, leadership, group dynamics, and communication in organizational effectiveness.
• Drawing from Multiple Disciplines (Interdisciplinary Nature): While not exclusively from Sociology and Anthropology (contrary to statement I), the Behavioral Approach significantly drew insights from psychology, sociology, and social psychology. These fields provided frameworks for understanding individual and group behavior in the workplace.
• Focus on Informal Organization: A key contribution was the recognition of the informal organization – the network of personal and social relationships that arise spontaneously as opposed to the formal, officially established structure. Statement III correctly identifies this emphasis.
• Universal Applicability vs. Provincial Approach: The classical approaches, particularly Scientific Management, were often criticized for being too rigid and sometimes applied in a 'one-size-fits-all' or provincial manner, neglecting contextual differences. The Behavioral Approach, by focusing on human variables that can differ greatly, inherently sought a more nuanced understanding. Statement II points to this broader aim of achieving applicability by understanding human behavior, contrasting with earlier, more rigid, and context-agnostic methods.
• Key Studies: The Hawthorne Studies conducted at the Western Electric Company by Elton Mayo and his associates were foundational. These studies revealed that social and psychological factors, not just physical conditions, significantly influenced productivity.
• Shift in Management Philosophy: It advocated for a more participative and supportive management style, moving away from the purely authoritative and directive methods of the classical era.

Relevance for Competitive Exams:

• Understanding the evolution of management thought is crucial.
• Key figures like Elton Mayo and concepts like the Hawthorne Studies, informal organization, and motivation theories are frequently tested.
• The interdisciplinary nature and the contrast between classical and behavioral approaches are common exam themes.