Practice Questions

Marthandam Project<ul style="color: rgb(255,255,255);"><li>Dr. Spencer Hatch of the Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA) set up a Project in 1921 at Martandam, 25 miles south of Thiruvananthapuram.</li><li>The purpose of this experiment was to bring about a complete upward development towards a more complete and meaningful life for rural people.</li><li>This village was undeveloped economically and the economic condition of the native majority was poor.</li><li>The objectives of the project were:</li></ul>•Spiritual Development•Mental Development•Physical Development•Social Development•Economic Development<ul style="color: rgb(255,255,255);"><li>The major achievements of the programme were the change in the attitudes of the rural people, formation of a desire to improve the spirit of cooperation and self-respect.</li></ul>

GANDHIAN CONSTRUCTIVE PROGRAMME/ SEVAGRAM EXPERIMENT<ul style="color: rgb(255,255,255);"><li>Mahatma Gandhi started this programme in 1920 at Sevagram.</li><li>&nbsp;Later it was extended to Wardha in 1938.</li><li>Principle :Helping the people to help themselves.</li><li>Objectives</li><li>1. To serve the under privileged villagers.<ul style="color: rgb(255,255,255);"><li>2. To make the villagers self sufficient and self reliant.</li><li>3. To develop the power and courage in rural people, so that they stand up in opposite of oppression and injustice.</li><li>4. To provide services to the underprivileged for achieving self dependency and basic education to the people.</li></ul></li></ul>

Gurgaon Project<ul style="color: rgb(255,255,255);"><li>Rural uplift movement on mass scale was first started by Mr. F. L. Brayne, Deputy Commissioner in the Gurgaon district of the Punjab and a Village guide was posted in each village to disseminate the information to the villagers in 1920</li><li>The programme of introducing improved seeds, implements, improved methods of cultivation, control on burning of cow-dung-cakes as fuel, construction of manure pits, curtailing expenditure on social and religions functions, etc., was started throughout the district.</li></ul>

The main objectives of this project were:1. To increase crop production,2. To control extra expenditure,3. To improve the health,4. Village Sanitation5. To develop the feeling of women-education,6. Home development work.

To increase crop production,Village Sanitation

 To develop the feeling of women-education,

SCHEME OF RURAL RECONSTRUCTION •In 1903, Sir Daniel Hamilton began a project of rural development on the basis of cooperation and started this project in " Sunderban Village" near West Bengal.•In 1910 under this programme Co- operative Deposit Institute was established.•Along with the savings, the programmes of health, literacy and small industry were started.•In this planning, the emphasis was on specialized training for unemployed young farmers to make them self dependent.•This project continued till 15-16 years and after some time it disappeared

Woodhead Commission(1944)•To investigate the 1943 Bengal Famine•Chairman: John Woodhead•Appointed by Lord Wavell•Last famine Enquiry Commission in British India

Lyall Commission•To counter Famine of 1896-97 which affected almost every province though in varying degrees of intensity•Appointed in 1897•Chairman: Sir James Lyall•Appointed by - Lord Elgin II•Commission recommended the development of irrigation facilitie

Strachey Commission(1880)•To formulate general principles and suggest measures of preventive or protective character to deal with the famines.•Chairman: Richard Strachey•Appointed by Lord Lytton•It is known as first Famine Commission of India

Dimensions of Rural Development1. Development of agriculture and allied activities<ul class="ChallengerEditorTheme__ul_dark" style="color: rgb(255,255,255);"><li value="1" class="ChallengerEditorTheme__listItem_dark">In rural development importance should be given to development of agriculture and allied activities. This includes developing high yielding and hybrid seeds, fertilizers and chemicals, knowledge of pesticide management, nutrition management, preservation of bio-diversity, maintaining indigenous technical knowledge and germplasm.</li></ul>2. Socio-economic and political development<ul class="ChallengerEditorTheme__ul_dark" style="color: rgb(255,255,255);"><li value="1" class="ChallengerEditorTheme__listItem_dark">It aims at improving the socio-economic and political condition of the rural people. Rural development may be meaningful and significant when the rural people have freedom to express their opinion, free and fair franchise in democracy, increased purchasing power, elimination of poverty and freedom from indebtedness.</li></ul>3. Improving quality of rural life<ul class="ChallengerEditorTheme__ul_dark" style="color: rgb(255,255,255);"><li value="1" class="ChallengerEditorTheme__listItem_dark">In this dimension, activities may include construction of rural durable assets and infrastructure like roads, bridges, power supply and educational facilities. Improving health and sanitation, adoption of information and communication technology (ICT), new product development for rural market, durable agriculture goods and services like banking, telephone, insurance etc.</li></ul>4.Rural disaster risk mitigation<ul class="ChallengerEditorTheme__ul_dark" style="color: rgb(255,255,255);"><li value="1" class="ChallengerEditorTheme__listItem_dark">Disaster risk mitigation is an important aspect of sustainable rural development. For this purpose community risk perception, risk identification, risk mitigation and risk transfer through insurance like crop insurance, Kisan credit card etc.Should be taken into account. Prevention of river bank erosion, flood and draught control measures, community capacity building area are also included in this dimension</li></ul>

Development of agriculture and allied activities

Freedom-Political or ideological freedom, economic freedom and freedom from social servitude

•The term rural development connotes overall development of rural areas to improve the quality of life of rural people.•It is a comprehensive and multi dimensional concept and encompasses the development of agriculture and allied activities, village and cottage industries, crafts, socio-economic infrastructure, community services and facilities and above all the human resources in rural areas.• Rural development can be conceptualized as a process, a phenomenon, a strategy and a discipline.

Rural development can be conceptualized as a process, a phenomenon, a strategy and a discipline

In the Indian context rural development may be defined as maximizing production in agriculture and allied activities in the rural areas including development of rural industries with emphasis on village and cottage industries

•The term rural development connotes overall development of rural areas to improve the quality of life of rural people.•It is a comprehensive and multi dimensional concept and encompasses the development of agriculture and allied activities, village and cottage industries, crafts, socio-economic infrastructure, community services and facilities and above all the human resources in rural areas.&nbsp;Rural development can be conceptualized as a process, a phenomenon, a strategy and a discipline

 The term rural development connotes overall development of rural areas to improve the quality of life of rural people. 

The actual concept of rural development is to change the occupation of rural people into non agricultural 

<ul style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; list-style-position: outside; color: rgb(255,255,255);"><li value="1" style="text-align: start; margin: 0px 32px;">A rural area is where people are engaged in primary occupation in the sense that they produce things directly for the first time in cooperation with nature.</li><li value="2" style="text-align: start; margin: 0px 32px;">According to the 2011census 69% of Indian population lives in rural areas</li></ul>

A rural area is where people are engaged in primary occupation in the sense that they produce things directly for the first time in cooperation with nature.

According to the 2011census 69% of Indian population lives in rural areas

Concept of Rural Development<ul style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; list-style-position: outside; color: rgb(255,255,255);"><li value="1" style="margin: 0px 32px;">Development is a process of change aiming at the socio-economic transformation of a traditional society into a modern society.</li><li value="2" style="margin: 0px 32px;">In general, development means improvement in the standard of living of the people.</li><li value="3" style="margin: 0px 32px;">It is an all round development of traditional rural society into modern by bringing about socio- economic reforms and planned change.</li></ul>

Rural area<ul style="padding: 0px; margin: 0px; list-style-position: outside; color: rgb(255,255,255);"><li value="1" style="margin: 0px 32px;">A population of less than 5,000</li><li value="2" style="text-align: left; margin: 0px 32px;"> Density of population less than 400 per sq km</li><li value="3" style="text-align: left; margin: 0px 32px;">More than 25 percent of the male working population is engaged in agricultural pursuits.</li></ul>

Density of population less than 800 per sq km

More than 25 percent of the total working population is engaged in agricultural pursuits

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