The literal meaning of the word “Chipko” is:

The Chipko Movement began in which year and place?

Which statements correctly differentiate the erosive power between the river courses?

1. The upper course has the greatest erosive power due to fast-flowing water.
2. The middle course exhibits more erosion than the lower course.
3. The lower course has significant erosive power, shaping canyons.
4. Erosive power is uniform across all three river courses.

What are the key characteristics of the lower course of a river?

1. The river meanders slowly across plains with high velocity.
2. The river loses much of its velocity and its ability to carry heavy sediment.
3. Deposition of sand and silt occurs, forming features like sandbanks.
4. The river builds up large flat plains by spreading alluvium.

Identify the true statements regarding the middle course of a river.

1. The river's velocity is significantly reduced, leading to substantial deposition.
2. The valley becomes broader, and the river banks are more stable.
3. The river continues to transport sand, silt, and mud in suspension.
4. Erosion is less pronounced compared to the mountain course due to lower water velocity.

Which of the following statements accurately describes the upper or mountain course of a river?

1. The water flows slowly through a wide valley with stable banks.
2. The river has significant erosive power, capable of moving large stones.
3. Angular stones are smoothed into rounded pebbles by friction.
4. The river primarily deposits silt and mud in this stage.

Endosulfan and Malathion are harmful because:

What is the term for the point where a river enters the sea, lake, or estuary?

What is the name for the channel within which a river flows?

What are the smaller streams that join a river along its course called?

Which soil pollutant alters soil pH and leaches heavy metals, damaging crops?

What is the term used to describe the path a river takes?

What is the term for the point of origin of a river?

Approximately how much fresh water, equivalent to rainfall, do rivers carry annually over the land surface?

What is the primary function of rivers?

The “Itai-Itai” disease in Japan was caused by:

Arsenic contamination of groundwater in India is most prevalent in:

Which disease is caused by mercury poisoning from industrial effluents?

Consider the horizontal divisions of life in lakes. Which statement is accurate?

1. The division is based on temperature gradients.
2. It is determined by the types of life forms present.
3. All zones have identical conditions for plant growth.
4. The zones are primarily defined by water movement.

The severe AQI (>450) observed in Delhi in November 2024 was mainly due to:

Which statement best describes the relationship between lake zones and light penetration?

1. Light penetrates fully to the bottom in all lake zones.
2. The Littoral Zone receives light to the bottom, while the Open Water Zone does not.
3. Light penetration is primarily determined by the depth of the Benthic Zone.
4. The Open Water Zone is defined by its complete lack of light.

What defines the Benthic Zone of a lake?

1. It is the zone with the most abundant sunlight.
2. It is the surface layer of the water.
3. It comprises the floor or bottom of the lake.
4. It is located above the Open Water Zone.

Identify the false statement regarding the Open Water Zone of a lake.

1. It lies beyond the Littoral Zone.
2. Light penetrates to the bottom in this zone.
3. Rooted plants can grow here.
4. It is characterized by deeper water.

Which pollutant is primarily responsible for smog formation?

Which of the following statements accurately describes the Littoral Zone of a lake?

1. It is the deepest part of the lake.
2. It is characterized by shallow water where light reaches the bottom.
3. Rooted plants cannot grow in this region.
4. It is located furthest from the shore.

Ozone at ground level is mainly formed by:

Which gas is the major cause of Taj Mahal’s marble deterioration?

Carbon monoxide (CO) is dangerous because:

Which statement best characterizes the oxygen levels in the bottom layer of a water body?

1. Oxygen levels are highest due to active photosynthesis.
2. Oxygen levels are significantly reduced due to decomposition.
3. Oxygen levels are maintained by direct atmospheric diffusion.
4. Oxygen levels are comparable to the surface layer.

Explain the role of decomposers in oxygen stratification.

1. Decomposers increase oxygen levels by breaking down organic matter.
2. Decomposers consume oxygen, leading to lower concentrations at the bottom.
3. Decomposers are primarily found in the well-lighted surface layer.
4. The activity of decomposers is independent of oxygen levels.

What causes the decrease in oxygen content below the surface water layer?

1. Increased photosynthetic activity at greater depths.
2. Reduced penetration of sunlight, limiting photosynthesis.
3. Enhanced diffusion of oxygen from the atmosphere.
4. Decreased utilization of oxygen by decomposers.

Identify the factors contributing to the high oxygen content in the surface layer of water.

1. High rates of respiration by aquatic organisms.
2. Maximum production of oxygen through photosynthesis.
3. Limited contact with the atmosphere, reducing oxygen diffusion.
4. Presence of decomposers actively consuming oxygen.

Why is the overturn process important for lakes that undergo stratification?

1. It prevents the formation of ice cover.
2. It ensures thorough mixing of oxygen, phytoplankton, and nutrients.
3. It leads to the accumulation of sediments at the bottom.
4. It only affects the temperature of the surface water.

What causes the sinking of water during the autumn (fall) overturn?

1. The surface water gets warmer and sinks.
2. The surface water cools down to 4°C, becoming denser and sinking.
3. The density of water decreases as it cools.
4. Increased solar radiation causes the water to become heavier.

Which of the following statements about spring overturn is correct?

1. It occurs when the surface water cools down to 4°C.
2. Increased solar radiation melts the ice, and water at 4°C sinks.
3. It is primarily driven by the cooling of air temperatures.
4. The process involves warm surface water sinking to the bottom.

What are the two main seasons when lake water overturn occurs?

1. Spring and Autumn (Fall)
2. Summer and Winter
3. Late Winter and Early Spring
4. Late Summer and Early Winter

What is the primary process described in the provided text regarding lake water circulation?

1. Lake water circulation occurs annually in summer and winter.
2. The process of overturn involves the mixing of lake water layers.
3. Overturn primarily helps in distributing dissolved gases and nutrients within the lake.
4. Overturn is a process exclusive to tropical lakes.

Match the following ecosystems correctly:

Lentic	Freshwater meets saltwater
Lotic	Still water
Wetlands	Marshes and swamps
Estuaries	Flowing water

Semi-arid deserts are best described as:

Which desert ecosystem is characterized by being near the ocean and having fog as a water source?

The Gobi Desert in Asia is an example of which type?

Which of the following is a characteristic feature of hot and dry deserts?

The mixing of freshwater and saltwater takes place in which ecosystem?

Coral reefs are found in which type of ecosystem?

Which aquatic ecosystem includes marshes, swamps, and bogs?

The Amazon River is classified under which type of freshwater ecosystem?

Which of the following is an example of a lentic ecosystem?

Which of the following is an example of ex-situ conservation?

Protecting biodiversity within its natural habitat is known as:

Which of the following is not listed as a threat to biodiversity in the given content?