When a similar to the conditional stimulus also elicts a response is the theory developed by:
AAristotle
BIvan Pavlov
CPlato
DIvan Illich
Answer:
B. Ivan Pavlov
Read Explanation:
Ivan Petrovich Pavlov was a Russian physiologist whose work on classical conditioning had a profound impact on psychology:
Classical conditioning
Pavlov's experiments with dogs in the 1890s demonstrated how neutral stimuli can be associated with positive ones. For example, Pavlov would ring a bell before feeding his dogs, and they would eventually learn to salivate in response to the bell. This association between stimuli is the foundation of classical conditioning theory.
Pavlovian conditioning
This type of conditioned learning is based on instinctive responses, rather than willful actions.
Observing human behavior
Before Pavlov's work, psychology was primarily based on asking people about their thoughts and feelings. Pavlov's work led to a shift towards studying human behavior through observation.
Pavlov's work has had many applications in medicine, industry, and education. For example, ranchers have used classical conditioning to protect their herds from coyotes.
Stimulus generalization is the tendency for a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus to elicit a similar response. This is a concept related to classical conditioning, a theory developed by Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov.
Here are some examples of stimulus generalization:
Pavlov's dogs
If Pavlov's dogs salivated at the sound of a bell, they may also salivate at the sound of a similar ringing sound, like a cell phone.
Little Albert
In John B. Watson's experiment, a child was conditioned to fear a white rat. The child may also have exhibited fear in response to other fuzzy white objects, like stuffed toys or Watson's hair.
Stimulus generalization can be adaptive, helping people avoid dangerous or painful situations. However, if it becomes the usual response, it can lead to avoiding any new situation based on minor similarities.
Other concepts related to classical conditioning include:
Extinction
When the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus, and the conditioned response eventually disappears.
Stimulus discrimination
When the organism learns to differentiate between the conditioned stimulus and other similar stimuli.