Question

Arrange the following classical dances in chronological order of earliest historical references (oldest to newest):

1. Bharatanatyam

2. Mohiniyattam

3.Kathak

4. Manipuri

• A. 1-3-2-4
• B. 1-2-4-3
• C. 1-3-4-2
• D. 1-4-3-2

Answer 1

Answer:

C. 1-3-4-2

Kathak

• Origin: North India.

• Historical References: Its roots can be traced back to the nomadic bards of ancient northern India, known as 'Kathakars' (storytellers), who recited tales from epics and mythology.

• Development: The dance form evolved significantly during the Mughal era, incorporating Persian and Central Asian influences, particularly in its costumes and rhythmic footwork (tatkar).

• Patronage: It flourished under the patronage of Mughal emperors and later Rajput rulers.

Bharatanatyam

• Origin: Tamil Nadu, South India.

• Historical References: Ancient Tamil scriptures and temple sculptures provide evidence of its existence. The 'Natya Shastra', an ancient treatise on performing arts attributed to Bharata Muni (estimated between 200 BCE and 200 CE), is considered a foundational text, though it describes a broader spectrum of dance.

• Temple Tradition: Historically, it was performed by 'Devadasis' in temples as a devotional offering.

• Revival: The dance form underwent a significant revival and reinterpretation in the early 20th century, with key figures like E. Krishna Iyer and Rukmini Devi Arundale playing crucial roles in its popularization and codification.

Manipuri

• Origin: Manipur, Northeast India.

• Historical References: While its exact origins are debated, it is believed to have ancient roots, possibly influenced by tribal folk dances and martial arts traditions. References can be found in ancient Meitei chronicles and mythology.

• Vaishnavite Influence: The dance form is deeply intertwined with the devotional practices of Vaishnavism in Manipur, particularly the Ras Leela narratives.

• Characteristics: Known for its gentle, undulating movements, graceful expressions, and vibrant costumes, often depicting divine love stories.

Mohiniyattam

• Origin: Kerala, South India.

• Historical References: It is considered one of the younger classical dance forms. While its roots are often traced to older folk traditions and temple dances of Kerala, distinct references and codification as 'Mohiniyattam' gained prominence much later than Kathak or Bharatanatyam.

• Etymology: The name 'Mohiniyattam' means 'dance of the enchantress'.

• Development: The dance form saw significant development and patronage during the reign of Swathi Thirunal Rama Varma in the 19th century.