AConstructivism - Bruner
BSocial constructivism - Vygotsky
CSpiralling - Benjamin Bloom
DInstructional objectives - Piaget
Answer:
B. Social constructivism - Vygotsky
Read Explanation:
Social Constructivism – Lev Vygotsky
Social constructivism is a learning theory that emphasizes the collaborative nature of learning. It posits that learning is an active process where learners construct new ideas or concepts based on their current and past knowledge, but critically, this construction happens through social interaction.
Lev Vygotsky (1896–1934), a Soviet psychologist, is widely recognized as the founder of sociocultural theory, which forms the bedrock of social constructivism. His work revolutionized our understanding of how social and cultural factors influence cognitive development.
Vygotsky argued that social interaction plays a fundamental role in the development of cognition. He believed that culture and language are the primary vehicles through which social interaction influences development.
Key Concepts of Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory:
Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD): This is perhaps Vygotsky's most famous concept. It defines the range of tasks that a learner can complete with the guidance and assistance of a more experienced individual, but cannot yet perform independently. It highlights the potential for cognitive development.
More Knowledgeable Other (MKO): The MKO refers to anyone who has a better understanding or a higher ability level than the learner with respect to a particular task, concept, or process. This could be a teacher, parent, older sibling, peer, or even a computer program.
Scaffolding: This is the support mechanism provided by the MKO to help the learner achieve tasks within their ZPD. Scaffolding is temporary, adjustable, and gradually withdrawn as the learner's competence increases, allowing them to take on more responsibility for learning.
Vygotsky's theory contrasts with Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive constructivism, which emphasizes individual exploration and internal cognitive processes. While Piaget focused on the individual child's active construction of knowledge, Vygotsky highlighted the role of social and cultural contexts in shaping that construction.
For competitive exams, remember that Vygotsky's theory underscores the importance of cooperative learning, peer tutoring, and guided instruction, where learning is seen as a social activity embedded in a cultural context.
His ideas have profoundly influenced educational practices, promoting interactive teaching methods that encourage dialogue, collaboration, and active participation in the learning process.