Question

Horizontal Co-operation refers to:

• A. Co-operation in between different types of societies at different stages
• B. Relation from primary society to their apex society and vice versa
• C. Co-operation in between different types of societies in the same stage
• D. Co-operation between apex societies only

Answer 1

Answer:

C. Co-operation in between different types of societies in the same stage

Horizontal Co-operation occurs when cooperative societies of the same level/stage work together to achieve common goals. For example, two primary agricultural credit societies collaborating to purchase inputs or market produce. This contrasts with vertical co-operation, which is the relationship between primary societies and their apex/state-level societies. Horizontal co-operation helps strengthen unity, reduce costs, and increase bargaining power among cooperatives at the same stage.