Question

How can lead exposure affect fetuses and breastfed infants?

• A. Through mobilization of lead from the mother's bones during pregnancy and lactation
• B. Direct exposure through the umbilical cord
• C. Through inhalation of lead particles by the infant
• D. Through consumption of lead-contaminated breast milk directly from the environment

Answer 1

Answer:

A. Through mobilization of lead from the mother's bones during pregnancy and lactation

• Lead is a well-known neurotoxin. Impairment of neurodevelopment in children is the most critical effect. Exposure in utero, during breastfeeding and in early childhood may all be responsible for the effects.

• Lead accumulates in the skeleton, and its mobilization from bones during pregnancy and lactation causes exposure to fetuses and breastfed infants. Hence, the lifetime exposure of woman before pregnancy is important.

• Epidemiological studies consistently show that effects in children are associated with blood lead (B-Pb) levels of about 100-150µg/l.