Question

Project method is suggested by:

• A. Idealism
• B. Humanism
• C. Naturalism
• D. Pragmatism

Answer 1

Answer:

D. Pragmatism

• Philosophical Foundation: The Project Method is firmly rooted in the philosophy of Pragmatism, which emphasizes experiential learning, utility, and practical activity (Learning by Doing and Learning through Living).

• Origin & Development: The Project Method was formulated and popularized by Dr. William Heard Kilpatrick in 1918 through his influential paper titled "The Project Method". Kilpatrick was a devoted disciple and follower of the prominent pragmatic philosopher John Dewey.

• Definition by Kilpatrick: Kilpatrick defined a project as "a whole-hearted purposeful activity proceeding in a social environment."

• Core Principles: The method is guided by fundamental pragmatic principles, including:

  • Principle of Purposefulness

  • Principle of Activity (Learning by doing)

  • Principle of Reality (Connection to real-life situations)

  • Principle of Utility

  • Principle of Freedom and Social Experience

• Steps in the Project Method: Kilpatrick outlined four essential sequential steps:

  1. Purposing: Determining the objective based on student interest.

  2. Planning: Formulating the scheme of work and dividing tasks.

  3. Executing: Carrying out activities and putting the plan into action.

  4. Judging / Evaluating: Assessing the outcomes, reviewing work, and recording results.