Question

Read the given statements and conclusions carefully. Assuming that the information given in the statements is true, even if it appears to be at variance with commonly known facts, decide which of the given conclusions logically follow(s) from the statements. Statements: All mints are papers. All papers are stones. All stones are cutters. Conclusions: (I) : All mints are cutters. (II) : Some cutters are papers

• A. Only conclusion (I) follows
• B. Both conclusions (I) and (II) follow
• C. Neither conclusion (I) nor (II) follows
• D. Only conclusion (II) follows

Answer 1

Answer:

B. Both conclusions (I) and (II) follow

Both conclusions (I) and (II) logically follow from the given statements.

1. Analyzing Conclusion I: All mints are cutters.

• The statements establish a direct chain: All mints are papers $\rightarrow$ All papers are stones $\rightarrow$ All stones are cutters.

• Because every single mint falls inside the category of papers, which falls inside stones, which falls inside cutters, all mints are definitively cutters.

• Therefore, Conclusion I follows.

2. Analyzing Conclusion II: Some cutters are papers.

• We know from the statements that All papers are stones and All stones are cutters, which means All papers are cutters.

• In logic, if all members of a group (papers) belong to another group (cutters), then a portion of that larger group (cutters) must intersect with the smaller group (papers).

• Therefore, it is factually certain that at least some cutters are papers.

• Therefore, Conclusion II follows.