Question

Read the given statements and conclusions carefully. Assuming that the information given in the statements is true, even if it appears to be at variance with commonly known facts, decide which of the given conclusions logically follow(s) from the statements.

Statements:

All inks are pens.

All pens are rubbers.

No rubber is a sharpener.

Conclusions:

(I) No ink is a sharpener.

(Il) Some rubbers are inks.

• A. Both conclusions (I) and (II) follow
• B. Neither conclusion (I) nor (II) follows
• C. Only conclusion (II) follows
• D. Only conclusion (I) follows

Answer 1

Answer:

A. Both conclusions (I) and (II) follow

Let’s solve step by step using logical relations.

Statements:

1. All inks are pens

2. All pens are rubbers

3. No rubber is a sharpener

   Combine statements

Inks ⊆ Pens ⊆ Rubbers
No Rubber = Sharpener

So,

Inks ⊆ Rubbers
Rubbers and Sharpeners do not overlap

Check conclusions

(I) No ink is a sharpener

Since:

• All inks are rubbers

• No rubber is a sharpener

Therefore, inks cannot be sharpeners

Conclusion I follows

(II) Some rubbers are inks

From:

• All inks are rubbers

At least some rubbers must be inks

Conclusion II follows

Final Answer:

Both Conclusion (I) and (II) follow