Question

Regarding the redistribution of remittances and improvement in living standards in Kerala, identify the correct statements.

1. Militant agitation and redistribution policies have played a role in ensuring remittances trickle down to weaker sections of society.
2. Remittances alone, without any policy intervention, would have automatically ensured equitable redistribution and improved living standards for all.
3. The trickle-down effect of remittances has contributed to improving the living standards across different sections of society.

• A. i, iii
• B. i, ii
• C. i
• D. iii മാത്രം

Answer 1

Answer:

A. i, iii

Understanding Remittances and Kerala's Development

• Kerala is a prominent Indian state characterized by its substantial reliance on remittances, primarily from emigrants working in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries. This significant inflow of foreign currency has profoundly shaped the state's economic and social landscape.

• The unique approach known as the "Kerala Model of Development" emphasizes the state's remarkable achievements in human development indicators, such as high literacy rates, extended life expectancy, and low infant mortality rates, often achieved despite relatively lower per capita income compared to some other Indian states. This model is widely attributed to a synergistic combination of effective social movements, progressive public policies, and the substantial contribution of remittances.

Role of Redistribution Policies and Social Movements

• Statement (i) is correct. Kerala possesses a distinct historical background marked by strong militant agitation (including significant peasant movements, robust trade union activism, and successful struggles for land reforms) coupled with forward-thinking redistribution policies. These policies were fundamental in establishing a comparatively equitable society, even before the major influx of remittances began.

• Key policies that were crucial in ensuring that socio-economic benefits reached the weaker sections of society include:

• Land Reforms (1970s): These reforms effectively abolished tenancy, providing land ownership to numerous landless agricultural laborers and tenants, thereby significantly reducing rural inequality.

• Robust Public Distribution System (PDS): This system guaranteed food security for all segments of society, especially the economically disadvantaged.

• Universal Access to Public Education and Healthcare: These essential services were made widely accessible and affordable, leading to a substantial improvement in human capital across all income groups.

• Social Welfare Schemes: Various pension schemes and other welfare measures were implemented to support vulnerable populations.