Question

Which of the following is a characteristic feature of Classical Theory, as described by Gulick and Urwick?

• A. Emphasis on informal structure
• B. View of administration as universally applicable regardless of context
• C. Recognition of psychological needs
• D. Focus on decentralized decision making

Answer 1

Answer:

B. View of administration as universally applicable regardless of context

Classical Theory of Administration

Key Principles and Characteristics:

• Universality: A core tenet of Classical Theory is the belief that administrative principles are universally applicable. This means that the same management techniques and structures can be effectively used in any organization, regardless of its size, industry, or specific environment. This principle was championed by figures like Henri Fayol, who identified 14 principles of management.
• Efficiency and Rationality: The theory emphasizes achieving maximum efficiency and productivity through rational and scientific methods. It views organizations as mechanical systems designed for optimal performance.
• Formal Structure: Classical Theory prioritizes the formal organizational structure, hierarchy, and division of labor. It focuses on clear lines of authority, span of control, and scalar chains.
• Focus on Tasks: The primary concern is with the tasks to be performed and how they can be broken down into specialized jobs. Worker behavior is seen primarily in relation to the execution of these tasks.
• Authors: Key contributors to Classical Theory include:
  • Frederick Winslow Taylor: Known for Scientific Management, focusing on optimizing individual worker productivity through time-and-motion studies.
  • Henri Fayol: Developed General and Industrial Management, outlining principles applicable to all levels of management.
  • Max Weber: Contributed the concept of bureaucracy, emphasizing formal rules, impersonality, and a clear hierarchy for efficient administration.
  • Luther Gulick and Lyndall Urwick: Synthesized and popularized many of these ideas, coining terms like POSDCORB (Planning, Organizing, Staffing, Directing, Coordinating, Reporting, Budgeting).
• Contextual Independence: The theory posits that management is a science that can be learned and applied irrespective of the specific context or cultural setting of the organization. This contrasts with later theories that emphasize the importance of situational factors.