A10th century
B12th century
C14th century
D11th century
Answer:
B. 12th century
Read Explanation:
Naduvazhi swaroopam
The reign of the Perumals came to an end by the 12th century.
Consequently the chieftains, who were the local rulers under the Perumals, began to rule their respective Nadus independently.
The region under the control of a chieftain was known as Swaroopam.
The joint family of the chieftain was also known as Swaroopam.
The eldest member of the family became the ruler.
The major Swaroopams during the period were Trippappooru Swaroopam in Venad, Perumpadappu Swaroopam in Kochi, Nediyiruppu Swaroopam in Kozhikode, and Kolaswaroopam in Chirakkal
Until the 18th century the Naduvazhi Swaroopams continued without much change.
By the second half of the 18th century the Sultans of Mysore, Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan led military campaigns which created frenzy among the Naduvazhis of northern Kerala.
Nediyiruppu, Kola and other smaller Swaroopams quickly came under the Mysore Sultans.
Fearing the attack from Mysore Sultans many Naduvazhis and Desavazhis fled to Venadu.
The Perumpadappu Swaroopam of Kochi soon accepted the suzerainty of the Mysore Sultans.
Only Travancore resisted the attack