Question

What are the three levels of meaning in Dhwani Theory?

• A. Alankara, Rasa, Bhava
• B. Abhidha, Lakshana, Vyanjana
• C. Shabda, Artha, Kavya
• D. Vyakhya, Samvad, Anukriti

Answer 1

Answer:

B. Abhidha, Lakshana, Vyanjana

Three Levels of Meaning in Dhwani Theory

Anandavardhana’s Dhwani Theory identifies three levels of meaning in language and poetry:

1. Abhidha (Denotative Meaning)

   • This is the literal or primary meaning of a word.

   • Example: "Lotus" simply means a flower.

2. Lakshana (Indicative Meaning)

   • When the literal meaning does not fit the context, a secondary meaning is used.

   • Example: "The village is on the Ganges" → It means near the river, not inside it.

3. Vyanjana (Suggestive Meaning) → Dhwani

   • The most powerful and artistic level of meaning.

   • It conveys hidden emotions, deeper themes, and aesthetic beauty.

   • Example: "Lotus-eyed one" might suggest Lord Vishnu or divine beauty, rather than just describing eyes.

Why is Vyanjana (Dhwani) Important?

• Anandavardhana argued that true poetry lies in suggestion (Vyanjana), not just in direct meanings.

• Abhinavagupta later emphasized that Rasa (aesthetic emotion) is fully realized through Dhwani.

Thus, Vyanjana (Dhwani) is the essence of poetic beauty, making poetry deeply emotional and meaningful.