Question

What is the basis for Kerala's impressive health standards?

• A. High number of private hospitals
• B. International medical tourism
• C. Statewide infrastructure of primary health centres
• D. Advanced medical research facilities

Answer 1

Answer:

C. Statewide infrastructure of primary health centres

The Kerala Model and Health Standards

• The 'Kerala Model of Development' refers to the state's unique approach to development, prioritizing social welfare and human development indicators (like health and education) over mere economic growth. This model has often been contrasted with other development approaches that focus primarily on GDP growth.
• Kerala has consistently achieved health outcomes comparable to developed nations, despite having a much lower per capita income, which is a hallmark of the Kerala Model.

Basis of Impressive Health Standards: Statewide Infrastructure of Primary Health Centres

• Strong Foundation: The backbone of Kerala's impressive health standards is its extensive and robust statewide network of Primary Health Centres (PHCs), Community Health Centres (CHCs), and sub-centres.
• Accessibility and Reach: These centres ensure that primary healthcare is accessible even to the most remote and rural populations. PHCs are the first point of contact for healthcare for a large majority of the state's population.
• Comprehensive Services: PHCs offer a wide range of services including primary curative care, preventive health services (e.g., immunisation, maternal and child health programs), health education, and disease surveillance.
• Decentralized Planning: The People's Planning Campaign (1996) significantly strengthened the local self-governments (Panchayati Raj Institutions), empowering them to play a crucial role in the planning and management of local health infrastructure, including PHCs. This decentralized approach ensures healthcare services are tailored to local needs.
• Emphasis on Public Health: Kerala has historically prioritized public investment in health infrastructure rather than relying solely on private healthcare, ensuring universal access and affordability.

Key Health Indicators and Historical Context

• Low Infant Mortality Rate (IMR): Kerala boasts one of the lowest IMRs in India, often comparable to that of many developed countries, indicating strong maternal and child health services largely delivered through PHCs.
• High Life Expectancy: The state also has high life expectancy rates for both men and women, reflecting overall good health and effective management of communicable and non-communicable diseases.
• High Literacy: Kerala has the highest literacy rate in India, particularly female literacy. Educated mothers are more likely to utilize healthcare services, including PHCs, for themselves and their children, contributing significantly to better health outcomes.
• Early Initiatives: The princely states of Travancore and Cochin had early initiatives in public health and education, laying a historical foundation for the post-independence state's welfare-oriented policies.
• Public Distribution System: A strong public distribution system ensuring food security and proper nutrition also indirectly supports the health of the population, complementing the role of health centres.