Question

What should a teacher avoid, according to Russell?

• A. Supporting scientific inquiry
• B. Flattering prejudices
• C. Teaching moral values
• D. None

Answer 1

Answer:

B. Flattering prejudices

Bertrand Russell's Educational Philosophy

• Bertrand Russell (1872–1970) was a prominent British philosopher, logician, mathematician, historian, writer, social critic, political activist, and Nobel laureate. His extensive writings cover a wide range of subjects, including education.
• Russell believed that the primary goal of education should be to foster critical thinking, rationality, and the development of an independent mind in students.
• He advocated for an education that encourages students to question, explore, and form their own conclusions rather than simply accepting pre-established beliefs or doctrines.

• The Danger of Flattering Prejudices

  • To 'flatter prejudices' in an educational context means for a teacher to reinforce, validate, or appeal to the existing biases, preconceived notions, or unexamined beliefs that students (or society) already hold, rather than challenging them.
  • Russell saw this as fundamentally detrimental to true education because it hinders intellectual growth and the development of genuine understanding. Instead of promoting inquiry, it encourages dogmatism.
  • A teacher who flatters prejudices fails in their duty to cultivate an open, questioning mind. It prevents students from developing the capacity for objective analysis and independent thought.

• Key Facts for Competitive Exams:

  • Nobel Prize: Bertrand Russell was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1950 for his varied and significant writings in which he championed humanitarian ideals and freedom of thought.
  • Major Works on Education: His views on education are extensively discussed in works such as 'On Education, Especially in Early Childhood' (1926) and essays found in collections like 'Sceptical Essays' and 'Unpopular Essays'.
  • Philosophical Stance: Russell was a staunch advocate of rationalism, empiricism, and liberalism. His educational philosophy is deeply rooted in these principles, emphasizing the scientific method and logical reasoning.
  • Activism: He was also a passionate peace activist, advocating for nuclear disarmament and opposing war, which further underscores his belief in critical reasoning and challenging established norms.
  • The question highlights Russell's emphasis on educators promoting intellectual honesty and independent judgment over conforming to popular or inherited biases.