ATHE NORMAN CONQUEST
BTHE RENAISSANCE
CTHE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
DTHE GREAT VOWEL SHIFT
Answer:
A. THE NORMAN CONQUEST
Read Explanation:
The Norman Conquest of England in 1066 was the most significant event that influenced the development of Middle English. When William the Conqueror, a Norman, defeated the Anglo-Saxons at the Battle of Hastings, the Normans brought their language, Old Norman (a dialect of Old French), to England. This led to:
1. Massive Linguistic Influence:
Old English (Anglo-Saxon) absorbed a large number of Norman French words, particularly in areas like law, governance, art, religion, and aristocracy. For example:
Law: justice, court, judge
Art and Luxury: cuisine, fashion, poetry
2. Bilingual Society:
For centuries, the upper classes spoke Norman French while the common people continued speaking Old English. This social stratification created a linguistic blending that evolved into Middle English.
3. Simplification of Grammar:
Old English, with its complex system of inflections, began to lose many of these features as Middle English emerged. The influence of French syntax and vocabulary also played a role.
4. Transition in Literature:
Works like The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer reflect the blended vocabulary and grammar of Middle English
While the other options are important in linguistic history:
The Renaissance influenced Modern English with classical borrowings.
The Industrial Revolution enriched English vocabulary in the 18th–19th centuries.
The Great Vowel Shift marked the transition from Middle to Modern English.
The Norman Conquest was the defining event for the transition to Middle English.