Question

Which among the following is wrongly matched?

• A. Stages of Cognitive development – Piaget
• B. Socio Cultural Theory – Vygotsky
• C. Discovery Learning – Bruner
• D. Multiple intelligence – Gagne

Answer 1

Answer:

D. Multiple intelligence – Gagne

Understanding Key Educational Theories and Theorists

• The statement "Multiple intelligence – Gagne" is indeed wrongly matched.

Howard Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligences

• Multiple Intelligences theory was proposed by Howard Gardner, an American developmental psychologist.
• He introduced this theory in his 1983 book, "Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences".
• Gardner challenged the traditional view of intelligence as a single, general ability (like IQ) and proposed that individuals possess at least eight distinct types of intelligence.
• These intelligences include: Linguistic, Logical-Mathematical, Spatial, Bodily-Kinesthetic, Musical, Interpersonal, Intrapersonal, and Naturalist. A ninth, Existential intelligence, is sometimes considered.
• This theory has significantly influenced educational practices, promoting diverse teaching methods to cater to different learning styles and strengths.

Robert Gagne's Contributions to Learning Theory

• Robert Mills Gagne was an American educational psychologist known for his contributions to the systematic design of instruction.
• His most famous work is "The Conditions of Learning" (1965), where he proposed a theory that outlines different types of learning and the specific conditions required for each.
• Gagne identified five major categories of learned capabilities: intellectual skills, cognitive strategies, verbal information, motor skills, and attitudes.
• He is also well-known for his "Nine Events of Instruction," a sequence of instructional steps designed to optimize learning, which include: gaining attention, informing learners of objectives, stimulating recall of prior learning, presenting stimulus material, providing learning guidance, eliciting performance, providing feedback, assessing performance, and enhancing retention and transfer.
• His work provides a framework for instructional design, focusing on the cognitive processes involved in learning.

Other Important Educational Psychology Pairings for Competitive Exams

• Jean Piaget: Known for his theory of Cognitive Development, which describes how children construct knowledge through stages (sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational).
• Lev Vygotsky: Developed the Socio-cultural Theory of Cognitive Development, emphasizing the role of social interaction and culture in learning, particularly the concept of the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD).
• B.F. Skinner: A leading figure in behaviorism, associated with Operant Conditioning, which explains learning through rewards and punishments (reinforcement and extinction).
• Ivan Pavlov: Famous for his work on Classical Conditioning, demonstrated through his experiments with dogs.
• Abraham Maslow: Known for his Hierarchy of Needs, a motivational theory in psychology comprising a five-tier model of human needs, often depicted as hierarchical levels within a pyramid.
• Erik Erikson: Developed the theory of Psychosocial Development, which describes eight stages of human development, each marked by a crisis or challenge that needs to be resolved.