Question

Which factor contributes to wage disparities between women and men in India?

• A. Equal representation in leadership roles
• B. Fair hiring practices
• C. Occupational segregation and discrimination in hiring
• D. Increased job mobility for women

Answer 1

Answer:

C. Occupational segregation and discrimination in hiring

Key Factors Contributing to Gender Wage Disparities in India:

• Occupational Segregation:
• Men and women are often concentrated in different types of jobs. Fields dominated by women (e.g., caregiving, teaching, clerical roles) tend to have lower average wages compared to fields dominated by men (e.g., engineering, manufacturing, technology). This segregation limits women's access to higher-paying sectors and positions.
• This pattern is often influenced by societal norms and expectations regarding gender roles, impacting educational choices and career aspirations from an early age.
• Discrimination in Hiring and Promotion:
• Even when women have the same qualifications and experience as men, they may face bias during the hiring process, leading to fewer job offers.
• Women often experience a slower promotion trajectory and are less likely to reach senior leadership positions, which are typically associated with higher salaries. This 'glass ceiling' effect is a significant contributor to the wage gap.
• Studies have indicated that employers may hold unconscious biases that lead them to undervalue women's work or perceive them as less committed due to family responsibilities.
• The Gender Pay Gap:
• The gap is often measured as the difference between the median or average earnings of men and women working full-time. In India, this gap persists across various industries and skill levels.
• According to reports by international organizations like the World Economic Forum, India has consistently ranked low in terms of gender economic participation and opportunity, reflecting these persistent wage disparities.
• The 'unadjusted' gender pay gap is a broad measure, while the 'adjusted' gap attempts to control for factors like hours worked, occupation, and experience, but even the adjusted gap often shows a residual amount attributable to discrimination.
• Societal Norms and Caregiving Responsibilities:
• Women disproportionately shoulder domestic and caregiving responsibilities (for children and elders). This often leads to career interruptions, reduced working hours, or a preference for jobs with more flexibility, which can negatively impact earning potential.
• Lack of adequate and affordable childcare facilities exacerbates this issue, forcing many women to scale back their careers or opt out of the workforce entirely.
• Legal and Policy Framework:
• While India has laws aimed at ensuring equal pay for equal work and prohibiting discrimination, effective enforcement remains a challenge.
• The Equal Remuneration Act, 1976, aims to provide equal pay for men and women, but its implementation across all sectors and informal employment remains a hurdle.
• Policies promoting parental leave for both men and women and investing in affordable childcare are crucial for leveling the playing field.