Question

Which language teaching method is founded on the principle that comprehension of spoken language should precede the development of speaking skills, often through learners physically responding to commands?

• A. Grammar Translation Method
• B. Total Physical Response (TPR)
• C. Bilingual Method
• D. Audio-Lingual Method

Answer 1

Answer:

B. Total Physical Response (TPR)

Total Physical Response (TPR)

• TPR is a language teaching method developed by James J. Asher, a professor of psychology at San José State University.
• Its core principle is that language learning should mimic the way children acquire their first language, where comprehension of spoken language develops through physical responses before speaking.
• The method emphasizes comprehension before production, meaning students are expected to understand commands and respond physically before they are required to speak.
• In a TPR classroom, the teacher acts as the director, giving commands (imperatives) and demonstrating the actions, while students respond with physical movements. For example, 'Stand up,' 'Walk to the door,' 'Touch your nose.'
• It is rooted in the trace theory of memory, which posits that the more often or intensively a memory connection is traced, the stronger the memory will be. Physical movement associated with language is believed to enhance memory retention.
• TPR aims to reduce learner stress and anxiety, creating a low-stress learning environment often referred to as a 'silent period' for speaking.
• It is particularly effective for teaching vocabulary, especially action verbs and concrete nouns, and for introducing grammatical structures in a natural, less intimidating way.
• This method is often used with beginners and young learners, but can also be adapted for higher levels and specific vocabulary sets.
• Key features include the use of imperatives, a focus on the listening skill, and a learner-centered approach where errors are not immediately corrected, allowing for a natural acquisition process.
• While primarily focusing on listening and motor skills, the speaking component is gradually introduced once learners have developed sufficient comprehension.
• TPR is considered a humanistic approach to language learning due to its emphasis on a stress-free and enjoyable learning experience.