Question

Which of the following is not a stage of moral development proposed by Kohlberg?

• A. Pre conventional stage
• B. Conventional stage
• C. Formal operational state
• D. Post conventional stage

Answer 1

Answer:

C. Formal operational state

The formal operational stage is the final stage of cognitive development in Jean Piaget's theory. It's characterized by the ability to think abstractly, reason logically, and solve problems using advanced thinking skills. 

Here are some characteristics of the formal operational stage: 

• Abstract thinking

  People in this stage can think about abstract concepts and relationships, such as justice. They can also understand the structure of mathematical problems. 

• Hypothetical thinking

  People in this stage can create theories and consider possibilities. They can also imagine multiple solutions and outcomes in a given situation. 

• Logical reasoning

  People in this stage can use logical deduction to solve problems. They can also think about things in systematic ways. 

• Critical thinking

  People in this stage can use critical thinking to analyze their environment and make deductions. 

The formal operational stage usually begins around age 11 or 12 and continues into adulthood. However, some people may never reach this stage.

Psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg proposed six stages of moral development, which are organized into three levels:

• Preconventional: Common in children

• Conventional: Many adolescents move into this stage

• Postconventional: Some people never reach this stage 

The six stages are: 

• Obedience and punishment: Moral judgments are based on obedience and punishment 

• Self-interest: Self-reward is a motivator 

• Interpersonal accord and conformity: A "good boy/good girl" attitude is prevalent 

• Authority and social-order maintaining orientation: Law and order are important 

• Social contract orientation: Social contracts and cultural norms are considered 

• Universal ethical principles: A principled conscience is developed 

Kohlberg's theory suggests that people's moral reasoning changes as they mature and get older. However, some have criticized his theory for being biased towards upper class white men and boys