Question

Which of the following is not related to the classical conditioning experiment ?

• A. Extinction
• B. Spontaneous Recovery
• C. Shaping
• D. Stimulus Discrimination

Answer 1

Answer:

C. Shaping

Ivan Pavlov

• Ivan Pavlov,  a Russian  psychologist has propounded the 'Theory of Classical Conditioning' which emphasizes that learning as a habit formation is based on the principle of association and substitution.
• He is known as the father of modern learning theory.
• Modern learning theory continues to build on Pavlovian conditioning.
• Classical Conditioning Theory explains that the process of learning takes place when a response becomes associated with a new stimulus and this process of a response to a new stimulus is known as conditioning.
• Ivan Pavlov given the following terms discovered during Theory of Classical Conditioning:
• The neutral stimulus is the term given to describe the conditioned stimulus before classical conditioning occurs. Let's understand further: 
  • Neutral Stimulus: Under its occurrence in close time and space with a natural stimulus that gives rise to a natural response, becomes capable of eliciting that natural response, even in absence of the natural stimulus. 
  • Unconditioned stimulus (UCS): The natural stimulus that elicits a natural response. In Pavlov's experiment, the meat powder was the UCS. 
  • Unconditioned response (UCR): The natural response elicited to the natural stimulus. In Pavlov's experiment, the salivation was the UCR. 
  • Conditioned stimulus (CS): The neutral stimulus that does not naturally elicit the target response, but may do so after being associated with the UCS several times. In Pavlov's experiment, the sound of the bell was the CS. 
  • Conditioned response (CR): The target response similar to the UCR that originally occurred to the UCS only, but after conditioning occurred to CS, even in the absence of the UCS. In Pavlov's experiment, the salivation that occurred in response to the bell was the CR.

• Concept of Shaping was proposed by B.F. Skinner in his Operant-conditioning theory.
• Shaping is a process of making someone perform approximately the desired behaviour.