AIron and Gold
BPetroleum and Coal
CDiamond and Silver
DCopper and Mica
Answer:
B. Petroleum and Coal
Read Explanation:
Formation and Extraction of Petroleum and Coal
Petroleum
Petroleum, also known as crude oil, is a fossil fuel formed from the remains of ancient marine microorganisms (like algae and zooplankton) that lived millions of years ago.
These organic remains settled at the bottom of oceans and lakes, eventually becoming buried under layers of sediment.
Over geological time, the immense pressure and heat from these overlying sediments transformed the organic matter into hydrocarbons, the primary components of petroleum.
Petroleum is predominantly found trapped in porous and permeable sedimentary rocks, such as sandstone and limestone, within underground reservoirs.
Extraction involves drilling wells into these reservoirs and pumping the oil to the surface.
Key producing countries historically include the United States, Saudi Arabia, Russia, and Canada.
Coal
Coal is another fossil fuel formed from the remains of ancient terrestrial plants that lived in swampy environments, typically during the Carboniferous period (around 360 to 286 million years ago).
These plant materials accumulated in peat bogs and were subsequently buried under layers of sediment and rock.
Similar to petroleum, the heat and pressure from overlying rocks facilitated the transformation of plant matter into coal through a process called coalification.
Coal deposits are primarily found in sedimentary rock formations, often in layers or seams.
Extraction is typically done through mining, which can be either surface mining (strip mining) or underground mining, depending on the depth of the coal seam.
Major coal-producing nations include China, India, the United States, and Indonesia.