Sankhya Philosophy
Sankhya is often regarded as one of the oldest schools of Indian philosophy, traditionally systematized by the ancient sage Kapila.
Although the Sankhya Sutra is attributed to Kapila, the existing version differs significantly from the original teachings.
The earliest surviving authoritative text on Sankhya is actually the Karika by Isvarakṛṣṇa.
Notable commentaries on this work include:
Bhaṣya by Gauḍapada
Tattva-kaumudi by Vacaspatimisra
Sankhya-pravacana Bhaṣya by Vijnānabhikṣu
Maṭharavṛtti by Maṭhara
Early Sankhya philosophy was largely rational and empirical, maintaining a non-theistic view.
It held that the origin and evolution of the universe could be explained by Prakṛti (nature), without invoking a divine creator.
By around the 4th century CE, the concept of Puruṣa (conscious spirit) was incorporated alongside Prakṛti, presenting a dualistic view in which both nature and spirit together account for the cosmos.
According to this school, liberation (moksha) is attainable through the acquisition of true knowledge, which leads to the end of suffering.
This knowledge is gained through three reliable means: direct perception (pratyakṣa), inference (anumana), and authoritative testimony (shabda).
