Statement 1: "Cold waves in India are caused partly by air masses from Central Asia." - Correct
During the winter season, cold continental air masses from regions such as Turkmenistan and the Caspian Sea drift into northwestern India, contributing to cold wave conditions. These air masses are dry and frigid, and their arrival significantly lowers temperatures in the affected regions.
Statement 2: "These waves often bring fog and frost to the northwestern plains." - Correct
When these cold waves interact with existing moisture in the air—often left behind by western disturbances—they create dense fog and ground frost, especially in states like Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, and western Uttar Pradesh. This can disrupt visibility and severely impact agriculture and daily life.
Statement 3: "Peninsular India frequently experiences such cold waves." - Incorrect
Peninsular India, especially the coastal regions, is largely protected from cold waves due to its proximity to the equator and the moderating effect of surrounding seas. As a result, temperature variations are minimal, and cold waves are rare and mild compared to the north.
