Question

Which technological advancement was used by the Mughals to power the fountains in their gardens?

• A. Windmills
• B. Archimedean screw
• C. Persian wheel (saqiya)
• D. Steam pumps

Answer 1

Answer:

C. Persian wheel (saqiya)

This architectural style was heavily influenced by Persian and Timurid gardens, particularly the Charbagh layout. Mughal gardens were designed within walled enclosures, following a rectilinear layout. A defining feature was the integration of water elements, including pools, fountains, and canals, making water a central and unifying theme. To power the fountains, the Mughals developed an advanced hydraulic system, utilizing the Persian wheel (saqiya) to lift water and generate the necessary pressure. Most gardens followed a four-part division (Charbagh), with two intersecting axes of water channels and pathways, allowing water to flow under gravitational pressure. Some of the most renowned Mughal gardens include: Nishat Bagh (Kashmir) Bagh-i-Shalimar (Kashmir) Pinjore Garden (Haryana) Mahtab Bagh (Agra, built in the Charbagh style) Emperor Babur, an avid garden enthusiast, established several gardens near Agra and Lahore, including the Bagh-i-Nilufar (Lotus Garden) in Dholpur, Rajasthan.