Which translation strategy is most commonly employed when translating idioms or culturally specific references that have no direct equivalent in the target language?

ALiteral translation

BCalque

COmission

DAdaptation or Substitution

Answer:

When translating idioms or culturally specific references that lack a direct equivalent in the target language, translators often resort to Adaptation or Substitution.
This strategy involves replacing the source language cultural element with one that is more familiar or understandable to the target audience.

Adaptation/Substitution: This is the primary strategy for idioms and cultural references without direct equivalents. It aims for pragmatic equivalence, ensuring the intended effect on the target reader is similar to the effect on the source reader.
Literal Translation: Translating word-for-word. Often fails with idioms as it can lead to nonsensical or humorous results in the target language.
Equivalence: Aims to produce the same effect on the target reader as the original text produced on the source reader. Adaptation is a form of functional equivalence.
Omission: Sometimes, if a phrase or reference is too obscure or difficult to adapt without distorting the meaning, it might be omitted, though this is generally a last resort.
Explanitory Translation: Adding a brief explanation to clarify the meaning of a cultural reference or idiom. This can sometimes disrupt the flow of the text.

Competitive exams often test the understanding of translation theories and practical application.
Questions might present a scenario of translating a cultural phrase and ask for the most appropriate strategy.
Recognizing that Adaptation/Substitution is key for conveying meaning and cultural nuance when direct equivalents are absent is crucial for scoring well.
Understanding the limitations of literal translation for idiomatic expressions is also a common test point.

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