Question

Which two key pioneers of participatory planning are mentioned in the UN Habitat document according to Fred Fisher?

• A. Amartya Sen and Nelson Mandela
• B. Paulo Freire and Kurt Lewin
• C. John Dewey and Mahatma Gandhi
• D. Robert Chambers and Abraham Maslow

Answer 1

Answer:

B. Paulo Freire and Kurt Lewin

Fred Fisher identified Paulo Freire and Kurt Lewin as key pioneers of participatory planning. Freire’s ideas focused on empowering the poor to analyze their own reality, while Lewin’s contributions included democratic leadership, group dynamics, and action research, all of which are fundamental to participatory planning.