Question

A child can successfully complete tasks with the assistance of more capable other people, and for this reason it is often discussed in relation to assisted or scaffolded learning. This statement is in accordance with the theory of :

• A. Piaget
• B. Vygotsky
• C. Skinner
• D. Pavlov

Answer 1

Answer:

B. Vygotsky

Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory of Development

• Lev Vygotsky (1896-1934) was a Soviet psychologist, best known for his sociocultural theory.
• Unlike theories that emphasize individual cognitive construction, Vygotsky's theory highlights the profound role of social interaction and culture in cognitive development.
• He believed that learning is fundamentally a social process, where individuals learn through interactions with their environment and more capable peers or adults.

Key Concepts:

• Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD): This is perhaps the most crucial concept in Vygotsky's theory. It defines the gap between what a learner can do independently (actual developmental level) and what they can achieve with the guidance and encouragement from a More Knowledgeable Other (MKO) (potential developmental level). Learning is most effective when it occurs within this zone.
• Scaffolding: This concept, though not explicitly coined by Vygotsky himself but later elaborated by Jerome Bruner and others based on Vygotsky's work, refers to the temporary support or guidance provided by an MKO to a learner to help them complete a task they would not be able to do on their own. As the learner gains proficiency, the support is gradually withdrawn, much like removing scaffolding from a building under construction.
• More Knowledgeable Other (MKO): This refers to anyone (parent, teacher, peer, or even a computer/book) who has a better understanding or higher ability level than the learner regarding a particular task, concept, or process. MKOs facilitate learning within the ZPD.
• Role of Language: Vygotsky emphasized the critical role of language in cognitive development. He believed that language is not just a tool for communication but also for thought, helping children to regulate their behavior and solve problems (e.g., private speech/inner speech).

Competitive Exam Relevance:

• Questions on Vygotsky often focus on the definitions and applications of ZPD, Scaffolding, and MKO.
• Understanding the distinction between Vygotsky's emphasis on social learning and Piaget's focus on individual constructivism is important.
• Vygotsky's work is foundational in educational psychology, particularly in fields like cooperative learning and peer tutoring.