AInference (Anumana)
BScriptural testimony (Shabda)
CIntuition (Anubhava)
DDirect perception (Pratyaksha)
Answer:
D. Direct perception (Pratyaksha)
Read Explanation:
Charvaka School (Lokayata Philosophy) Founder is Brihaspati Core Principle is the direct perception (Pratyaksha) is the sole valid source of knowledge and truth. The term Charvaka is derived from the word meaning “sweet-tongued.” Charvakas held that only what is perceived by the five senses is real; hence, they rejected inference and scriptural testimony as valid sources of knowledge. They distinguished two types of perception: External perception – via the five senses Internal perception – via mental processes They rejected the existence of a soul or any permanent self. According to them, there is no afterlife, no rebirth, and no moral law of karma. The universe is made up of only four elements – earth, water, fire, and air. Charvakas denied the existence of God, viewing concepts of divinity, religion, and life after death as human fabrications or delusions. Charvaka philosophy represents a radical materialist and skeptical worldview in ancient Indian thought, sharply opposing ritualism, spiritualism, and metaphysical speculation. It emphasizes living in the present and seeking practical, tangible knowledge. Philosophical Source is Tattvopaplavasimha by Jayarasi Bhatta Mentions in Classical Texts: Shatdarshan Samuchay Sarvadarsanasangraha by Vidyaranya Sanskrit literary works like Naisadha-charita, Prabodha-chandrodaya, Agama-dambara, Vidvanmoda-tarangini, and Kadambari also depict Charvaka philosophy.