Question

According to Gulick, the primary principle of organisation, forming the foundation for work division and integration, is:

• A. Span of Control
• B. Unity of Command
• C. Division of Work (Specialisation)
• D. Coordination through Hierarchy

Answer 1

Answer:

C. Division of Work (Specialisation)

Luther Gulick's Contribution to Organisation Theory

Luther Gulick, a prominent figure in public administration, significantly contributed to the understanding of organisational principles. He, along with Lyndall Urwick, co-edited the influential book Papers on the Science of Administration (1937).

Core Principles of Organisation

Gulick identified several key principles that guide effective organisation. Among these, he stressed that the division of work, also known as specialisation, is the fundamental principle upon which all other organisational structures are built. This principle suggests that tasks should be broken down into smaller, manageable components, with individuals or groups focusing on specific areas.

Rationale for Division of Work

• Increased Efficiency and Productivity: By focusing on a limited set of tasks, individuals develop expertise and become more proficient, leading to higher output and quality.
• Skill Development: Specialisation allows for the deeper development of skills and knowledge within a particular area.
• Simplified Training: Training new employees becomes easier as they only need to learn a specific set of tasks rather than a broad range of responsibilities.

Integration of Work

While division of work breaks down tasks, the equally important principle of coordination (or integration) ensures that these specialised efforts are brought together harmoniously to achieve the overall organisational goals. Gulick identified four bases for organising:

1. Purpose: Organising around a common goal (e.g., public health, education).
2. Process: Organising around a particular skill or method (e.g., accounting, engineering).
3. Persons or Things: Organising around the client or the object of the work (e.g., children, forest resources).
4. Place: Organising around a geographical location (e.g., a regional office).

The division of work and the subsequent need for coordination are central to Gulick's framework for understanding how organisations function effectively.