AThreat, goal, barrier
BPurpose, sign, expectancy
CReinforcement, stimulus, feedback
DInsight, expectancy, goal
Answer:
A. Threat, goal, barrier
Read Explanation:
Kurt Lewin’s Field Theory
Threat, goal, barrier - These terms are central to Kurt Lewin’s Field Theory, which suggests that behavior is not just a result of past habits or innate traits, but a result of the "Life Space"—the total psychological environment as it exists for the individual at a specific moment.
Lewin’s Concept of Behavior
Lewin expressed his theory through the famous formula:
B = f (P, E)
(Behavior is a function of the Person and their Environment).
Within this "Life Space," Lewin identified several forces that determine how an individual moves:
Goal (Valence): This is the object or outcome an individual wants to reach (positive valence) or avoid (negative valence).
Barrier: These are obstacles in the person's psychological environment that prevent them from reaching their goal.
Threat: A negative force or an unpleasant consequence that might push the individual away from a certain path.
Tension: When a need arises, it creates a state of tension that drives the individual toward a goal to find "equilibrium."
Purpose, sign, expectancy: These are key terms in Edward Tolman's Sign Learning Theory (Purposive Behaviorism). Tolman believed we learn "cognitive maps" or signs rather than just motor responses.
Reinforcement, stimulus, feedback: These are the primary components of Operant Conditioning (B.F. Skinner) and general Behaviorism.
Insight, expectancy, goal: While "goal" and "expectancy" are relevant to many cognitive theories, "Insight" is specifically the hallmark of Gestalt Psychology (Köhler’s experiments with apes).