Question

Pellagra is a deficiency disease that usually occurs due to lack of which of the following nutrients?

• A. Vitamin E
• B. Niacin
• C. Iodine
• D. Riboflavin

Answer 1

Answer:

B. Niacin

Nutrient Deficiency Diseases

Pellagra: A Niacin Deficiency Disorder

• Pellagra is a serious nutritional deficiency disease primarily caused by a prolonged lack of niacin (also known as Vitamin B3) in the diet.

• It can also result from a deficiency in the amino acid tryptophan, which the body can convert into niacin.

Key Characteristics and Symptoms of Pellagra

• Pellagra is historically known for its characteristic "3 Ds":

  • Dermatitis: A rash that is typically symmetrical and occurs on sun-exposed areas of the skin, often on the face, neck, and hands.

  • Diarrhea: Persistent and severe digestive issues.

  • Dementia: Cognitive impairments including confusion, memory loss, and depression.

• If left untreated, a fourth "D", Death, can occur.

Dietary Sources of Niacin

• Good sources of niacin include:

  • Animal Products: Poultry (chicken, turkey), beef, fish (tuna, salmon), eggs, and dairy products.

  • Plant Products: Legumes (beans, lentils), whole grains (brown rice, whole wheat bread), nuts, and seeds.

  • Fortified Foods: Many breakfast cereals and breads are fortified with niacin.

Historical Context and Prevalence

• Pellagra was once endemic in many parts of the world, particularly in regions where the staple diet consisted mainly of corn (maize) that was not processed with an alkaline agent (like nixtamalization).

• Corn is a poor source of bioavailable niacin, and the traditional preparation methods in some cultures did not release the niacin it contained.

• The widespread fortification of flour and cereal products in developed countries has significantly reduced the incidence of pellagra.