Question

Process involves thinking, language. reasoning is termed as:

• A. Biological process
• B. Conative process
• C. Cognitive process
• D. Psychomotor process

Answer 1

Answer:

C. Cognitive process

Cognitive Processes in Psychology

• Definition: Cognitive processes encompass higher-order mental activities related to acquiring, processing, storing, retrieving, and using information. These primarily include thinking, reasoning, language, memory, perception, problem-solving, and decision-making.

• Major Components:

  • Thinking: The mental manipulation of information, concepts, and images to form ideas or solve problems.

  • Language: A structured system of symbols and rules used for communication, closely tied to thought processes (e.g., Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis by Sapir-Whorf).

  • Reasoning: The logical process of drawing conclusions from given facts, divided into Deductive Reasoning (general to specific) and Inductive Reasoning (specific to general).

Key Cognitive Theories & Psychologists

• Jean Piaget: Proposed the Theory of Cognitive Development, which includes four key stages:

  • Sensorimotor Stage (0–2 years): Development of object permanence.

  • Preoperational Stage (2–7 years): Egocentrism and symbolic thought.

  • Concrete Operational Stage (7–11 years): Conservation and logical thought regarding concrete objects.

  • Formal Operational Stage (11+ years): Abstract, hypothetical, and deductive reasoning.

• Lev Vygotsky: Developed the Socio-Cultural Theory of Cognitive Development, emphasizing the role of language, culture, the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD), and Scaffolding.

• Jerome Bruner: Proposed three modes of cognitive representation: Enactive (action-based), Iconic (image-based), and Symbolic (language-based).