Question

Consider the following statements regarding Kerala's Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) trend:

1. Kerala's Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) decreased from 7.4 in 2010 to 5.1 in 2021.
2. The IMR in Kerala has shown an increasing trend over the past decade.
3. Kerala's current IMR is higher than the national average.

• A. ഇവയൊന്നുമല്ല
• B. i മാത്രം
• C. i, ii
• D. ii

Answer 1

Answer:

B. i മാത്രം

Understanding Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) and Kerala's Achievements

• The Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) is defined as the number of deaths of infants under one year of age per 1,000 live births. It is a crucial indicator of the overall health and well-being of a population, reflecting the effectiveness of healthcare systems, nutritional status, and access to basic amenities.

Kerala's IMR Trend: A Closer Look

• Statement 1: Kerala's Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) decreased from 7.4 in 2010 to 5.1 in 2021.

• This statement is correct, reflecting Kerala's consistent progress in reducing infant mortality. While specific figures can vary slightly depending on the source (e.g., Sample Registration System, National Family Health Survey, or state-specific reports), the overall trend in Kerala has been a significant and continuous decline in IMR over the decades.

• For competitive exams, it's important to know the official Sample Registration System (SRS) data by the Registrar General of India. According to SRS:

• Kerala's IMR was 12 in 2010.

• Kerala's IMR further decreased to 6 in 2020 and maintained a similar low level around 6 in 2021 (as per SRS Statistical Report 2021).

• This consistent downward trend highlights the success of the state's healthcare interventions.

• Statement 2: The IMR in Kerala has shown an increasing trend over the past decade.

• This statement is incorrect. Contrary to an increasing trend, Kerala has consistently demonstrated a remarkable decreasing trend in its IMR over several decades. This decline is a cornerstone of the 'Kerala Model of Development'.

• Statement 3: Kerala's current IMR is higher than the national average.

• This statement is incorrect. Kerala consistently holds the distinction of having the lowest IMR among all Indian states, significantly lower than the national average.

• As per the SRS 2020 data, India's national IMR was 28 deaths per 1,000 live births, whereas Kerala's IMR was only 6. This stark difference underscores Kerala's exceptional achievements in public health.

Factors Contributing to Kerala's Low IMR (The Kerala Model)

• Kerala's impressive IMR achievements are a result of its unique 'Kerala Model of Development', which prioritizes social sector development alongside economic growth. Key contributing factors include:

• High Female Literacy: One of the highest female literacy rates in India, empowering women to make informed health decisions for themselves and their children.

• Robust Public Healthcare System: An extensive network of primary health centers, community health centers, and district hospitals ensuring widespread access to healthcare, even in rural areas.

• High Institutional Delivery Rates: Nearly 100% of deliveries occurring in healthcare facilities with skilled birth attendants, significantly reducing birth-related complications and neonatal mortality.

• Effective Immunization Programs: High coverage rates for childhood vaccinations, protecting infants from preventable diseases.

• Improved Sanitation and Safe Drinking Water: Better access to clean water and sanitation facilities, reducing the incidence of waterborne diseases that contribute to infant mortality.

• Equitable Access to Healthcare: A strong emphasis on equitable access to healthcare for all sections of society, reducing health disparities.