In fragmentation, leaves/stems fall off accidentally and grow to form new individuals. Budding is a process in which an outgrowth develops and splits from the parent thallus to produce new individual. Gemmae are tiny, multi-cellular structures that can detach from the parent plant and grow into a new individual. Sporophyte develops from a developed embryo and results in the formation of spores. Sporophyte formation is a sexual process that involves two gametes and hence it is not an asexual process.
