Question

Which aspect of the later 18th and earlier 19th-century novel distinguished it from earlier literary forms, particularly in its engagement with societal issues and individual psychology?

• A. Allegorical representation of abstract concepts
• B. Focus on epic journeys and heroic deeds
• C. Exploration of ordinary life and subjective experience
• D. Use of classical allusions and mythological themes

Answer 1

Answer:

C. Exploration of ordinary life and subjective experience

The 18th and 19th-Century Novel: A Shift in Literary Focus

• Rise of Realism: The novels of this period moved away from idealized or heroic narratives towards a more realistic portrayal of everyday life and common people.
• Focus on the Ordinary: Unlike earlier epics or romances that centered on kings, gods, or knights, these novels explored the lives, struggles, and triumphs of ordinary individuals.
• Emphasis on Subjective Experience: There was a growing interest in delving into the inner lives of characters, their thoughts, feelings, motivations, and psychological complexities. This marked a significant departure from earlier forms that often focused on external actions.
• Societal Engagement: Novels became a powerful medium for social commentary. Authors engaged with contemporary issues such as class structures, poverty, industrialization, gender roles, and political reforms.
• Development of Character Psychology: The psychological depth of characters became a key feature. Authors used techniques like introspection, stream of consciousness (in later stages), and detailed character studies to explore the human mind.
• Influence of Enlightenment and Romanticism: These literary movements contributed to the novel's development. The Enlightenment fostered a belief in reason and observation, encouraging realistic depiction, while Romanticism emphasized individualism, emotion, and subjective experience.
• Key Authors and Works: Notable authors who exemplify this shift include Daniel Defoe (e.g., Robinson Crusoe), Samuel Richardson (e.g., Pamela), Henry Fielding (e.g., Tom Jones), Jane Austen (e.g., Pride and Prejudice), and Charles Dickens (e.g., Oliver Twist). Their works often highlight ordinary lives and explore psychological nuances within specific social contexts.
• Impact on Literary Tradition: This evolution laid the groundwork for the modern novel, establishing realism and psychological depth as central tenets of literary fiction.