Question

Which language acquisition theory, emphasizing comprehensible input and a 'monitor' for output, heavily influenced the Natural Approach?

• A. A. Noam Chomsky's Universal Grammar
• B. B. B.F. Skinner's Operant Conditioning
• C. C. Stephen Krashen's Input Hypothesis
• D. D. Lev Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory

Answer 1

Answer:

C. C. Stephen Krashen's Input Hypothesis

Stephen Krashen's Input Hypothesis and its Influence on Language Acquisition

• Stephen Krashen is a prominent linguist and researcher in the field of second language acquisition. His theories have significantly influenced language teaching methodologies, particularly the Natural Approach.

Key Hypotheses of Stephen Krashen's Theory of Second Language Acquisition (SLA)

1. Acquisition-Learning Distinction Hypothesis:
   • This is the most fundamental distinction in Krashen's theory.
   • Acquisition is a subconscious process, similar to how children acquire their first language. It involves picking up language naturally through meaningful communication.
   • Learning is a conscious process of studying language rules (grammar, vocabulary) and formal instruction. Krashen argues that learning has a limited role in actual language production.
2. Monitor Hypothesis:
   • The Monitor is a device that uses learned knowledge (from formal learning) to edit or correct language output that has been generated by the acquired system.
   • It acts as an editor and is used only when the learner has sufficient time, is focused on form, and knows the rule.
   • Krashen suggests that overuse of the Monitor can hinder fluency, while underuse can lead to errors. An 'optimal' user uses it appropriately.
3. Natural Order Hypothesis:
   • This hypothesis states that learners acquire grammatical structures in a predictable sequence, regardless of their native language or the order in which they are taught.
   • For example, certain grammatical morphemes (like '-ing' for present progressive or plural 's') are acquired earlier than others.
4. Input Hypothesis:
   • This is central to Krashen's theory and directly links to the concept of 'comprehensible input'.
   • Learners improve when they receive second language input that is one step beyond their current level of competence. This is often represented as i + 1, where 'i' is the learner's current level and '+1' is the slightly advanced but still understandable input.
   • The input must be comprehensible, meaning the learner can understand the general meaning even if they don't know every single word or grammatical structure.
   • This hypothesis argues that comprehensible input is the sole causative variable in second language acquisition.
5. Affective Filter Hypothesis:
   • The 'affective filter' is a metaphorical barrier that can prevent learners from acquiring language, even if comprehensible input is available.
   • Factors like anxiety, low motivation, low self-confidence, and a stressful learning environment can raise this filter, blocking input from reaching the language acquisition device.
   • A low affective filter (e.g., in a relaxed, supportive environment) facilitates acquisition.

Connection to the Natural Approach

• The Natural Approach, developed by Stephen Krashen and Tracy Terrell, is heavily based on Krashen's Input Hypothesis and Affective Filter Hypothesis.
• It emphasizes communication over grammar instruction, aiming to create a low-anxiety, naturalistic environment for language acquisition.
• The core principle is to provide vast amounts of comprehensible input (i+1) through activities like storytelling, TPR (Total Physical Response), and group discussions.
• Learners are not forced to produce output until they are ready, mirroring the silent period observed in first language acquisition.
• The Natural Approach explicitly prioritizes acquisition over learning, advocating for meaningful interaction rather than explicit rule teaching.
• The 'monitor' is acknowledged but its role is seen as minimal in the initial stages, focusing on fluency first.