Characteristics of Critical Pedagogy
It encourages learners to critically analyze societal norms, power imbalances, and oppression through reflection.
It promotes active participation and dialogue rather than passive receipt of knowledge.
Learning is aimed at empowerment and social justice through both understanding and practical effort or action to create change.
The concept of "conscientização" (critical awareness) by Paulo Freire links reflection directly to action.
Thus, the correct answer is that reflection combined with action forms a fundamental characteristic of critical pedagogy.