ALimited Political Representation
BGender Pay Gap
CGender-based Violence
DSocial Norms and Cultural Barriers
Answer:
C. Gender-based Violence
Read Explanation:
Understanding Gender-Based Violence in the Context of Women's Empowerment in India
Definition: Gender-based violence (GBV) refers to any harmful act that is perpetrated against a person's will and is based on the socially ascribed distinctions between males and females. It encompasses physical, sexual, and psychological harm.
Prevalence in India:
GBV is a pervasive issue in India, significantly hindering women's empowerment across social, economic, and political spheres.
National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) data consistently highlights the high incidence of various forms of violence against women.
According to the NCRB 2022 report, India registered over 31,000 cases of rape, and a total of over 3.5 lakh cases of crimes against women.
Impact on Women's Empowerment:
Economic Disempowerment: Fear of violence restricts women's mobility, access to education and employment opportunities, and participation in public life, thereby limiting their economic independence.
Social Disempowerment: GBV can lead to social exclusion, stigma, and isolation, undermining women's self-esteem and their ability to assert their rights.
Political Disempowerment: Violence discourages women from participating in political processes and leadership roles, further marginalizing their voices.
Psychological Trauma: The physical and psychological toll of violence can result in long-term mental health issues, impacting overall well-being and agency.
Legal and Policy Framework:
India has enacted several laws to combat GBV, including the Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005, and amendments to the Indian Penal Code concerning sexual offenses.
The government has also launched various initiatives like 'Beti Bachao Beti Padhao' and helplines (e.g., 181 for women in distress) to address the issue.