Which organizational structure is based on specialized functions like finance, HR, and marketing, especially suitable for large corporations?

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AProject Structure

BDivisional Structure

CCommittee Structure

DFunctional Structure

Answer:

Functional Structure groups activities by specialization, ensuring high skill focus but often suffers from poor coordination across functions

Related Questions:

Consider the following statements regarding the Principles of Administration:

I. Principles are considered universally valid and rigid doctrines applicable to all organizational contexts across time and space.

II. They serve as guidelines, simplifying the management process and increasing efficiency.

III. The principles of reality mandate that implementation must strictly correspond to ideal plans irrespective of situational constraints.

Which of the following is correct?

Assertion (A): Behavioral approach replaces sovereignty with legitimacy theory, emphasizing why individuals obey through motivation.

Reason (R): It prioritizes formal communication and hierarchical chains over informal relations and leadership analysis.

Consider the following statements on criticisms of classical theory by scholars like Simon and Waldo:

The theory is deemed unscientific due to unverified principles under controlled conditions, leading to inconsistencies and tautologies.
Herbert Simon critiqued principles as "proverbs" with contradictory pairs, lacking universal validity for organizational design.
It overemphasizes human motivation through non-economic factors, aligning with Hawthorne experiments on social influences.

Assertion (A): Classical theory treats administration as a universal science applicable across all organizational contexts.

Reason (R): Fayol's principles, such as centralization, are flexible and adaptable to varying conditions, ensuring positivism and universalism.