ABehaviorism
BStructuralism
CHumanism
DGestaltism
Answer:
D. Gestaltism
Read Explanation:
Gestalt Psychology: Founded by Max Wertheimer, Wolfgang Köhler, and Kurt Koffka, Gestalt theory proposes that learning occurs through sudden insight ("Aha!" moment) by understanding the whole situation, rather than through trial-and-error or stimulus-response conditioning.
Köhler's Experiment: Wolfgang Köhler demonstrated insight learning through his famous experiments with a chimpanzee named Sultan, who figured out how to reach bananas using sticks and boxes by sudden comprehension of the environment.
Behaviorism: Asserts that learning occurs through Stimulus-Response (S-R) connections, conditioning, and reinforcement (e.g., Pavlov, Thorndike, Skinner).
Structuralism: Focused on breaking down conscious experience into basic components/elements using introspection (e.g., Wilhelm Wundt, Edward Titchener).
Humanism: Focuses on individual potential, self-actualization, personal growth, and free will (e.g., Carl Rogers, Abraham Maslow).