Question

A child can successfully complete tasks with the assistance of more capable other people, and for this reason it is often discussed in relation to assisted or scaffolded learning. This statement is in accordance with the theory of :

• A. Piaget
• B. Vygotsky
• C. Skinner
• D. Pavlov

Answer 1

Answer:

B. Vygotsky

Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory of Development

• The statement describes a core principle of Lev Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory of Development, which emphasizes the crucial role of social interaction and cultural context in cognitive development.
• Vygotsky, a Russian psychologist, proposed that learning is a fundamentally social process, and cognitive functions are largely a product of social interactions.

Key Concepts in Vygotsky's Theory:

• Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD): This is perhaps the most famous concept from Vygotsky. It refers to the gap between what a learner can accomplish independently and what they can achieve with the guidance and encouragement from a more skilled person. Tasks within this zone are just beyond the child's current ability but are achievable with help.
• More Knowledgeable Other (MKO): This term refers to anyone who has a better understanding or a higher ability level than the learner with respect to a particular task, concept, or process. The MKO can be a teacher, parent, peer, or even a computer.
• Scaffolding: This is the support mechanism provided by the MKO within the ZPD. It involves providing timely and appropriate assistance to the learner that helps them bridge the gap between their current and potential abilities. As the learner becomes more competent, the support is gradually withdrawn, much like scaffolding is removed from a building once construction is complete.

Comparison with other theories (for competitive exams):

• Vygotsky's theory contrasts sharply with Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development, which emphasizes individual exploration and constructivism, with less focus on social interaction as a primary driver of development. Piaget believed development precedes learning, while Vygotsky argued that learning drives development.
• Unlike behaviorists (e.g., B.F. Skinner) who focused on observable behaviors and external reinforcement, Vygotsky highlighted internal cognitive processes and the role of social interaction in shaping them.

Educational Implications:

• Vygotsky's theory heavily influences modern educational practices, particularly in promoting collaborative learning, peer tutoring, and guided instruction.
• It underscores the importance of a teacher's role not just as an instructor, but as a facilitator who provides the necessary 'scaffolds' for students to learn independently.