Question

Consider the following statements regarding the central tenets and features of classical theory:

1. Division of labour is the foundational principle, emphasizing specialization to maximize efficiency and economy in organizations.

2. The theory posits that administration is context-independent, with principles of universal validity applicable across public and private sectors.

3. Unlike scientific management, classical theory focuses exclusively on shop-floor efficiency without addressing broader organizational processes.

• A. 1 and 2 only
• B. 2 and 3 only
• C. 1, 2 and 3
• D. 1 and 3 only

Answer 1

Answer:

A. 1 and 2 only

Classical Theory of Administration

• Division of Labour: This is a cornerstone of classical theory, advocating for the specialization of tasks. The idea is that by dividing work into smaller, distinct jobs, individuals can become highly proficient, leading to increased overall efficiency and productivity. This concept aims to minimize waste of time and resources by allowing workers to focus on a single aspect of a job.
• Universality of Principles: A key assertion of classical theory is that its administrative principles are universally applicable. Proponents believed that certain fundamental rules of management and organization could be applied effectively regardless of the specific industry, size, or context of the organization. This implies that principles effective in a factory could also be effective in a government office.
• Focus Beyond Shop-Floor: Contrary to the assertion that classical theory focuses exclusively on shop-floor efficiency, it actually encompasses a broader view of organizational structure and management. While scientific management (associated with figures like Frederick Taylor) primarily concentrated on the micro-level efficiency of individual workers and tasks, classical theory, with contributors like Henri Fayol, addressed macro-level organizational issues such as planning, organizing, commanding, coordinating, and controlling. Fayol's 14 Principles of Management are a prime example of this broader focus on administrative processes and structure.

Key Figures and Contributions:

• Henri Fayol: Often considered the father of modern administrative theory. His work, 'Administration Industrielle et Générale' (1916), introduced concepts like the functions of management and universal principles.
• Frederick Taylor: Pioneer of Scientific Management, focused on improving work efficiency at the operational level through methods like time and motion studies.
• Max Weber: Developed the concept of bureaucracy, emphasizing hierarchy, formal rules, and impersonality as ideal features for efficient administration.

Context and Limitations:

• Classical theory emerged during the Industrial Revolution, a period characterized by rapid growth in factories and the need for systematic organizational approaches.
• A significant criticism of classical theory is its mechanistic view of organizations and its neglect of the human element, social factors, and informal relationships within the workplace.