Question

Consider the following statements regarding the evolution of management thought: Which of the statements is/are correct?

1. The Human Relations Approach emerged as a direct extension and refinement of the Classical Theory, primarily focusing on improving the technical skills of workers.
2. Pre-scientific management saw the application of management principles in ancient civilizations, but a formal theory of management became necessary only after the Industrial Revolution due to increased industrial complexity.
3. The Modern Theory, or Systems Approach, views an organization as a closed system, emphasizing internal efficiency over external environmental adaptation.

• A. All
• B. iii only
• C. i, iii
• D. ii only

Answer 1

Answer:

D. ii only

• The Human Relations Approach (Neo-classical Theory) is distinct from the Classical Theory and emphasizes the social and psychological needs of employees, not primarily technical skills.

• The Modern Theory (Systems Approach) views an organization as an open and adaptive system that continuously adjusts to its dynamic environment, integrating inputs from it to produce desired outputs and responding to feedback.