ASen, Pala and Rashtrakuta,
BChalukya, Sen and Pratihars,
CChouhan, Pala and Gurjar
DGurjar-Pratihara, Rashtrakuta and Palas
Answer:
D. Gurjar-Pratihara, Rashtrakuta and Palas
Read Explanation:
The Tripartite Struggle: A Contest for Kannauj
The Tripartite Struggle was a protracted conflict spanning centuries (roughly 8th to 12th centuries CE) primarily centered around control of the strategic city of Kannauj, located in the fertile Indo-Gangetic plains. Kannauj, during this period, was considered a symbol of imperial authority and a significant center for trade and administration.
Contending Powers:
Gurjar-Pratiharas: Based in northwestern India, with their stronghold eventually shifting to Kannauj itself. They were a dominant force for a significant part of the struggle. Key rulers associated with this period include Vatsaraja, Nagabhatta II, Mihir Bhoj, and Mahendrapala I.
Rashtrakutas: Originating from the Deccan plateau, they were a powerful empire that repeatedly clashed with the Gurjar-Pratiharas. Their campaigns often pushed northwards, aiming to capture Kannauj. Notable Rashtrakuta rulers involved in the conflict were Dhruva, Govinda III, and Amoghavarsha.
Palas: Dominating the eastern regions of India (Bengal and Bihar), the Palas were also keen on asserting their influence over Kannauj. Key rulers included Gopala, Dharmapala, and Devapala. Dharmapala's patronage of Buddhism and the establishment of Nalanda University are significant contributions.
Key Aspects of the Struggle:
Geographical Focus: The primary objective was the control of Kannauj and its surrounding fertile territories, which offered significant economic and political advantages.
Dynastic Rivalry: The struggle was characterized by constant shifts in power, with each dynasty experiencing periods of ascendancy and decline. Alliances were formed and broken as political circumstances changed.
Military Engagements: Numerous battles were fought, involving large armies and sophisticated military strategies for the time. While detailed accounts of individual battles are scarce, their impact on the political landscape was profound.
Cultural Impact: This era of conflict also saw significant developments in art, architecture, and religion, often under royal patronage. The Palas, in particular, were great patrons of Buddhism, and the Rashtrakutas left a legacy of impressive rock-cut architecture (e.g., Ellora Caves).
Eventual Outcome: The constant warfare weakened all three powers, paving the way for the emergence of new regional powers and eventually the invasions from the Northwest. The Gurjar-Pratiharas were the most successful in holding Kannauj for extended periods, but their empire eventually fragmented.